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. 2021 Dec 6;22(23):13166. doi: 10.3390/ijms222313166

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Biogenesis of EVs from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative OMVs are produced when the outer membrane asymmetry is achieved (Model A), misfolded proteins are condensed in the outer membrane (Model B), and lipopolysaccharides are modified (Model C) [40]. On the other hand, Gram-positive bacteria may vesiculate following a turgor pressure or via the action of cell-wall-modifying enzymes or protein channels [56]. Figure created with BioRender.com (accessed on 15 October 2021).