Table 1.
Roles of bacteria EVs in inter-bacterial signaling.
| Activity | Example Source Organism(s) | Example Affected Organism(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Horizontal gene transfer | Haemophilus influenza | Haemophilus influenza | [20] |
| Antimicrobial resistance | Bacteroides spp. and Haemophilus influenza (β-lactamases) | Gut microbiota Group A streptococci |
[19,35] |
| Detoxification of harmful molecules and stress relief | E. coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | [23,75,76,77] | |
| Quorum sensing | Ps. aeruginosa | Ps. aeruginosa | [22,78] |
| Digestive enzyme carrier | Gut microbiota | Gut microbiota | |
| Bacterial biofilm | H. pylori and Ps. aeruginosa | H. pylori and Ps. aeruginosa | [21,81,82] |
| Carrier of antimicrobial materials (survival) |
Sulfolobus spp. Burkholderia thailandensis |
Same species or drug-resistant and competitor species, including MRSA |
[22,83,84,85] |