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. 2021 Dec 4;22(23):13136. doi: 10.3390/ijms222313136

Figure 3.

Figure 3

miR-485-3p antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) reduces Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation and rescues cognitive impairment. (A–D) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining with Aβ (6E10) in the hippocampus (A) and cortex region (C) after either control oligonucleotide or miR-485-3p ASO injection. Scale bars, 300 μm. Quantification of the Aβ plaque in the hippocampus (B) and cortex region (D) (two-tailed t-test; n = 5; data are expressed as mean ± SD representing 1–3 randomly sampled regions, pooled from two independent experiments). (E) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for Iba1 and IL-1β in the cortex region of control- or miR-485-3p ASO-injected 8-month-old 5XFAD mice. Scale bars, 20 μm. (F) Quantification of the Iba1+IL-1β cells from (E) (two-tailed t-test; n = 11; data are expressed as mean ± SD representing 1-4 randomly sampled regions, pooled from three independent experiments). (G) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for Iba1 and TNF-α in the cortex region of control- or miR-485-3p ASO-injected 8-month-old 5XFAD mice. Scale bars, 20 μm. (H) Quantification of the Iba1+ TNF-α cells from (G) (two-tailed t-test; n = 11; data are expressed as mean ± SD representing 1-4 randomly sampled regions, pooled from three independent experiments). (I,J) Protein expression of IL-1β (I) and TNF-α (J) in the cortex of control- or miR-485-3p ASO-injected 5XFAD mice (data obtained across three independent experiments are expressed as mean ± SD). (K–N) Behavior tests in control- (n = 5–7) or miR-485-3p ASO- (n = 5–7) injected 8-month-old 5XFAD mice. Y-maze (K,L) analysis and passive avoidance testing (M,N) of control- or miR-485-3p ASO-injected 8-month-old 5XFAD mice. Average alternation (%) (K) for control- or and miR-485-3p ASO-injected 5XFAD mice and total entry number (L) into each arm on the Y-maze. Average step-through latency (M) and time in the dark compartment in seconds (N) for control- and miR-485-3p ASO-injected 5XFAD mice in passive avoidance tests. All data are presented as mean ± SD. ns, not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 (two-tailed t-test).