Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Intra-Hospital Death | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No | Yes | p Value | |
| N | 64 | 43 | 21 | |
| Age, year | 86.4 ± 6.0 | 86.3 ± 5.8 | 86.7 ± 6.6 | 0.797 |
| Male sex | 30 (46.9%) | 14 (32.6%) | 16 (76.2%) | 0.001 |
| Time from symptoms to hospital admission, day | 3.6 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 0.026 |
| Length of stay, day | 12.5 ± 5.6 | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 10.0 ± 6.1 | 0.025 |
| FIM | 75.5 ± 31.1 | 82.5 ± 28.4 | 52.9 ± 29.8 | 0.005 |
| CFS | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| CIRS-G | 19.3 ± 6.1 | 18.3 ± 6.4 | 21.1 ± 5.0 | 0.060 |
| CAM | 13 (20.6%) | 6 (14.0%) | 7 (35.0%) | 0.092 |
| CURB-65 | 0.648 | |||
| 1 | 10 (15.6%) | 8 (18.6%) | 2 (9.5%) | |
| 2 | 29 (45.3%) | 20 (46.5%) | 9 (42.9%) | |
| 3 | 23 (35.9%) | 14 (32.6%) | 9 (42.9%) | |
| 4 | 2 (3.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (4.8%) | |
| ARDS | 16 (25.0%) | 3 (7.0%) | 13 (61.9%) | <0.001 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 23.6 ± 4.3 | 25.1 ± 4.6 | 0.217 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 0.247 | |||
| <20 | 10 (15.9%) | 8 (18.6%) | 2 (10.0%) | |
| 20–24.9 | 29 (46.0%) | 21 (48.8%) | 8 (40.0%) | |
| 25–29.9 | 18 (28.6%) | 10 (23.3%) | 8 (40.0%) | |
| 30+ | 6 (9.5%) | 4 (9.3%) | 2 (10.0%) | |
| NRS | 0.315 | |||
| 0–2 | 14 (21.9%) | 13 (30.2%) | 1 (4.8%) | |
| 3–4 | 20 (31.3%) | 10 (23.3%) | 10 (47.6%) | |
| 5–7 | 30 (46.9%) | 20 (46.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | |
| Hypertension | 44 (68.8%) | 31 (72.1%) | 13 (61.9%) | 0.566 |
| Dyslipidemia | 26 (40.6%) | 16 (37.2%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.588 |
| Heart Failure | 24 (40.0%) | 13 (32.5%) | 11 (55.0%) | 0.105 |
| Diabetes | 14 (21.9%) | 9 (20.9%) | 5 (23.8%) | >0.99 |
| Kidney disease | 14 (21.9%) | 10 (23.3%) | 4 (19.0%) | >0.99 |
| Liver disease | 4 (6.3%) | 2 (4.7%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.592 |
| COPD | 4 (6.3%) | 3 (7.0%) | 1 (4.8%) | >0.99 |
| Smoking | 0.789 | |||
| No smoking | 46 (71.9%) | 32 (74.4%) | 14 (66.7%) | |
| Past | 15 (23.4%) | 9 (20.9%) | 6 (28.6%) | |
| Present | 3 (4.7%) | 2 (4.7%) | 1 (4.8%) | |
| Stroke | 16 (25.8%) | 11 (26.2%) | 5 (25.0%) | >0.99 |
| Parkinson disease | 3 (4.8%) | 2 (4.7%) | 1 (5.0%) | >0.99 |
| Cognitive disorders | 33 (51.6%) | 23 (53.5%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.791 |
| Known swallowing disorders | 4 (6.3%) | 2 (4.7%) | 2 (9.5%) | 0.592 |
| Active neoplasia | 5 (7.8%) | 3 (7.0%) | 2 (9.5%) | >0.99 |
| Immunosuppression | 3 (4.7%) | 2 (4.7%) | 1 (4.8%) | >0.99 |
| Albumin | 35.5 ± 8.0 | 35.7 ± 8.8 | 34.8 ± 5.2 | 0.641 |
| C-Reactive Protein | 56.2 ± 66.1 | 48.0 ± 41.2 | 73.9 ± 100.2 | 0.279 |
| Lymphocytes nb-abs | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.395 |
| Radiological Measures | ||||
| Extent of COVID-19 pneumonia | 0.813 | |||
| 0–25% | 33 (54.1%) | 22 (53.7%) | 11 (55.0%) | |
| 26–50% | 13 (21.3%) | 10 (24.4%) | 3 (15.0%) | |
| 51–75% | 11 (18.0%) | 7 (17.1%) | 4 (20.0%) | |
| 76–100% | 4 (6.6%) | 2 (4.9%) | 2 (10.0%) | |
| AC (mm) | 714.0 ± 196.3 | 743.9 ± 183.6 | 652.9 ± 211.6 | 0.101 |
| TF (mm2) | 267.5 ± 143.0 | 285.4 ± 142.6 | 231.1 ± 140.1 | 0.156 |
| SF (mm2) | 126.2 ± 86.4 | 142.7 ± 85.0 | 92.6 ± 81.1 | 0.028 |
| VF (mm2) | 141.3 ± 84.0 | 142.7 ± 81.9 | 138.5 ± 90.2 | 0.858 |
Abbreviations: FIM = functional independence measure; CFS = clinical frailty scale; CIRS-G = cumulative illness rating scale for geriatrics; CAM = confusion assessment method; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BMI = body mass index; NRS = nutritional risk screening; TF = total fat area (mm2); AC = upper abdominal circumference (mm); SF = subcutaneous fat area (mm2); VT = visceral fat area (mm2).