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. 2021 Nov 25;26(23):7153. doi: 10.3390/molecules26237153

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Integrative model of crosstalk between metabolism and resistance to quinolones. Metabolites, such as sugars and amino acids energize antibiotics efflux pumps through increasing proton motive force. In a different manner, these metabolites produce genomic effects, such as increasing inner membrane permeases, porins and metabolic pathway components that in turn may modulate the resistance to quinolones. Besides antimicrobial effects and expression of genes involved in quinolones resistance itself, quinolones may increase the expression of genes involved in resistance to other biocides. Figures were drawn from scratch using Freehands 10 (Macromedia, San Francisco, CA, USA).