Table 4.
Natural polymer-based nanoparticles for brain cancer glioma therapy.
| Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles | Method of Preparation | Therapeutic Drug/Other | Targeting Receptor/Molecule | Diagnostic Component | Cell Line/Animal Model | Remark | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Den-angio nanoprobe | Step-wise synthesis | - | LRP receptor-mediated endocytosis | U87MG | Den-Angio shows localisation in the brain tumours and makes image-guided tumour resection possible. | [99] | |
| CDP-NP | Single-step synthesis at room temperature, self-assembly method | - | Proteins | e-GFP, luciferin | BV2, N9 microglia (MG) cells and GL261 glioma cells/mice model | CDP-NPs were efficiently taken up by BV2 and N9 microglia (MG) cells compared to GL261 glioma cells. | [100] |
| Silver NPs impregnated alginate–chitosan-blended nanocarrier | Polyelectrolyte complex formation reaction | DNA | Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide dual stain | U87MG | Extensive DNA damage was observed on cell cycle analysis. | [101] | |
| Hyaluronan (HA)-grafted lipid-based NPs (LNPs) | Amine coupling strategy | rRNA interference (RNAi), doxorubicin and BCNU | CD44 receptor | DAPI (blue) | T98G, U87MG, and U251 | Prolonged survival of treated mice in the orthotopic model was observed. | [102] |
| Cardamom extract-loaded gelatine NPs (CE-loaded GNPs) | Two-step de-solvation method | Cardamom extract | - | - | U87MG | Extract to polymer ratio as 1:20 was found to be the best with entrapment. efficiency close to 70% | [103] |
| NK@AIEdots (natural-killer-cell-mimic nanorobots with aggregation-induced emission) |
Step-wise synthesis, assembly process | - | - | - | U-87 MG, bEnd.3 | The tumour growth was also successfully inhibited by NK@AIEdots on exposure to NIR light. | [104] |
| Heparin-based polymer)–SWL–(cRGD) NPs (S = serine, W = tryptophan, L = leucine) |
Coupling reaction | αv βv and EphA2 in glioma | f Oregon-green488 | U87 and U251 | NPs easily pass-through BBB to the tumour site. In addition, inhibition of glioma cell proliferation is noticed. | [105] | |
| poly-L-arginine-chitosan-triphosphate matrix (ACSD) | Green co-precipitation method | Doxorubicin, SPIONs | - | Prussian blue staining and inductively coupled plasma | Rat glioma C6 cells | ACSD NPs are proved as promising theranostic formulation MRI analysis shows uptake of NPs in C6 glioma cells. There observed 38.6% drug release in neutral pH while 58% in acidic pH. A 44-fold increase in IC50 value of doxorubicin was found when the drug was loaded in NPs. |
[106] |
| Albumin nanoparticles (NPs) | Two-step synthesis, grafting | Paclitaxel (PTX) | Substance P (SP) peptide | Cou-6 dye | Glioma U87 cells | Albumin nanoparticles are found satisfactory for drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of GBM. The targeting effect of SP, and efficient cellular uptake of SP-HSA-PTX NPs into brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and U87 cells is improved. | [107] |
| Human serum albumin (HSA) NPs | High-pressure homogeniser technique | Doxorubicin | - | LysoTracker | bEnd.3 cells as well as U87MG | Anti-glioma efficacy is improved due to the dual-enhanced system of dual cationic absorptive transcytosis and glucose-transport by using c- and m-HSA together. | [108] |
| Albumin NPs | Green synthesis | Paclitaxel and fenretinide | - | CY5 dye | Human glioma U87, U251 cells, mouse glioma C6, GL261 cells, |
The albumin-binding proteins are found to be overexpressed in the tumour/glioma cells, where epithelium cells are responsible for delivering NPs to brain tumours. | [109] |
| Menthol-modified casein NPs(M-CA-NP) | Self-assembled micelle formation | 10-Hydroxycamptothecin, methanol |
- | Cou-6 | C6 cells | Resulted in enhanced drug accumulation in the tumour site. | [110] |
| Transferrin-functionalised NPs (Tf-NP) | Functionalisation | Temozolomide and the bromodomain | Cy5.5 | U87MG and GL261 cells | Therapy showed 1.5- to 2-fold decrease in tumor burden and corresponding increase in survival in tumor bearing mice | [111] |
Abbreviation: Den: dendrimer, Angio: angiopep-2, PDT: photodynamic therapy, CDP-NP: cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle, TEB: triphenylamine-4-vinyl- (P-methoxy-benzene), DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, SPIONs: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.