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. 2021 Nov 24;26(23):7108. doi: 10.3390/molecules26237108

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of hops (Saaz, Saphir, and Saaz–Saphir mixture) on electrophysiologic patterns in rat-induced insomnia by caffeine. Electroencephalography (EEG) analyses were conducted for 4 days (A) Sleep time, (B) awake time, (C) duration of REM, (D) duration of NREM, (E) δ wave of NREM, and (F) θ wave of NREM. NOR: the 0.9% NaCl (physiological saline) group (normal control), CON: caffeine control (40 mg/kg), BDZ: Benzodiazepine treatment (positive control, 200 μg/kg), Saaz (120 and 150 mg/kg), Saphir (120 and 150 mg/kg), and Saaz–Saphir mixture (75:25, 120 and 150 mg/kg). Values are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for each group, n = 8. Asterisks indicate significant differences: *** p < 0.001 vs. NOR; * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.001 vs. Saaz–Saphir mixture; and # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. CON by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.