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. 2021 Nov 26;13(23):4115. doi: 10.3390/polym13234115

Table 1.

Reaction conditions for carboxymethylation.

Starting Waste Material Cellulose (g) Reaction Medium NaOH MCA/
Diazomethane		 Temperature
(°C)		 Reaction Time (h) DS Yield (%) Reference
Almond shells 10 Pentan-1-ol 60 mL 40%,
60 mL		 MCA, 17.4 g 80 8 1.72 58.65 [31]
Almond stems 10 Pentan-1-ol 60 mL 40%,
60 mL		 MCA, 17.4 g 80 8 2.53 62.77 [31]
Asparagus officinalis stalk end 15 IPA, 350 mL 30%,
50 mL		 MCA,
18 g		 55 3 0.98 44.04 [32]
Black tea leaves 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
3 g		 60 3 0.77 91.2 [33]
Barley straw 1 IPA 10 mL + H2O 1 mL 6 M,
5 mL		 MCA,
2.4 g		 50 3 1.1 106 [34]
Cavendish banana pseudo steam 5 IPA, 100 mL 15%,
20 mL		 MCA,
6 g		 55 3 0.75 98.63 [35]
Cashew tree gum 5 H2O, 5 mL 10 M,
16 mL		 MCA,
7.87 g		 55 3 2.21 31 [36]
Coconut fibers 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
3 g		 50 3 0.65 104.8 [33]
Corn cob 5 IPA, 90 mL 25%,
3.25 mol/AGU		 MCA,
2.4 mol/AGU		 60 3 1.18 n. r. [37]
Cotton gin 5 H2O:IPA (1:4),
300 mL		 20%,
30 mL		 MCA,
5 g		 40-60 3 0.87 143.7 [38]
Cotton linters 5 H2O:EtOH (1:4),
32.8 mL		 100%, 7.2 mL MCA 80%, 10 mL 50 6 0.89 - [39]
Dried duckweed 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
3 g		 60 3 0.54 91.4 [33]
Durian rind fruit 15 IPA, 450 mL 30%,
50 mL		 MCA,
18 g		 55 3 0.87 165 [40]
Fig stems 10 Butanol, 60 mL 40%,
60 mL		 MCA, 17.4 g 80 8 2.83 80.54 [31]
Mimosa pigra peel 10 IPA, 500 mL 50%,
100 mL		 MCA,
15 g		 55 3.5 0.23 n. r. [41]
Mulberry paper 15 IPA, 750 mL 40%,
150 mL		 MCA,
22.5 g		 55 3.5 0.45 n. r. [42]
Oil palm fibers 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
5 g		 50 3 0.6 116.8 [33]
Orange peel 2 IPA, 100 mL 30%,
20 mL		 MCA,
3 g		 70 6 0.67 n. r. [43]
Palm bunch 15 IPA, 450 mL 40%,
50 mL		 MCA,
18 g		 55 3.5 0.36 135.8 [44]
Palm kernel cake 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
3 g		 50 3 0.73 116.6 [33]
Papaya peel 15 IPA, 450 mL 40%,
50 mL		 MCA,
18 g		 55 3.5 n. r. 126.4 [45]
Paper cups n. r. EtOH 85%,
150 mL		 6 g MCA,
7 g		 70 1.5 1.21 n. r. [46]
Pineapple peel 10 90% IPA 200 mL + 30% H2O2 1.2 mL 50%,
16 mL		 Diazomethane 50% (w/v), 14 mL 45-75 3 1.05 n. r. [47]
Rice hull 1 IPA 10 mL + H2O 1 mL 6 M,
5 mL		 MCA,
2.4		 50 3 1.3 85 [34]
Rice stubble 5 IPA, 100 mL 30%,
25 mL		 MCA,
7 g		 50 3 0.64 95 [48]
Sago pulp 5 IPA, 100 mL 30%,
10 mL		 MCA,
6g		 45 3 0.82 n. r. [49]
Sugarcane bagasse 5 IPA, 80 mL 20%,
10 mL		 MCA,
5 g		 50 3 0.69 117.4 [33]
Sugarcane bagasse 5 IPA, 150 mL 25%,
15 mL		 MCA,
6 g		 60 3.5 0.69 166.2 [50]
Sugarcane bagasse 15 IPA, 450 mL 40%,
50 mL		 MCA,
18 g		 55 3.5 0.53 142.4 [44]
Sugar beet pulp 2 IPA, 100 mL 30%,
20 mL		 3 70 6 0.67 64.2 [51]
Sugarcane straw 5 EtOH 92.5 g + H2O 3.7 g 38.46%,
13 mL		 MCA,
24.94		 60 3 0.4 n. r. [17]
Wheat straw 1 IPA 10 mL + H2O 1 mL 6 M,
5 mL		 MCA,
2.4		 50 30 1.5 106 [34]

“n. r.”—not reported; “AGU”—anhydrous glucose unit.