Table 1. Characteristics of case and controls.
| Case (n = 219)* | Control (n = 100)* | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Male | 58.5 (12.1) | 59.2 (12.5) |
| Female | 52.2 (11.5) | 52.0 (11.6) | |
| Female %(n) | 59.6 (131) | 60 (60) | |
| Menopausea %(n) | 36.6 (48/131) | 41.7 (25/60) | |
| On HRTa %(n) | 6.9 (9/131) | 8.3 (5/60) | |
| Smoke- ever %(n) | 33 (73) | 28 (28) | |
| Smoke- current %(n) | 4.6 (10)) | 7 (7) | |
| Diabetes %(n) | 3.7 (8) | 3 (3/99) | |
| Inflammatory disease %(n) | 8.2 (18) | 6 (6) | |
| High Cholesterol %(n) | 25 (55) | 30 (30) | |
| Prescribed bone density medications %(n) | 1.9 (4/214) | 3 (3/99) | |
| Physical activity | |||
| Accelerometry (median, IQR) | |||
| Average steps/dayb | 7918 (6148, 9903) | 8373 (6080, 10205) | |
| Moderate-to-vigorous (average min/day)c | 38 (18, 61) | 42 (20, 58) | |
| Sedentary (average min/day)d | 491 (437, 545) | 502 (443, 561) | |
| Quality of life & function | |||
| AQOL-6De | 76.4 (10.8) | 86.38 (6.9) | |
| FHSQ functionf | 65.74 (27.8) | 99.13 (3.3) | |
| Clinical measures | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.14 (5.4) | 27.63 (5.6) | |
| Waist girth (cm) | 97.43 (13.9) | 90.82 (15.1) | |
| Fat mass (%) | 34.24 (8.9) | 33.86 (8.2) | |
| Foot posture index (FPI) | 2.71 (3.9) | 3.07 (3.7) | |
| Ankle dorsiflexion ROM, knee flexed (deg) | 43.26 (6.7) | 44.15 (5.5) | |
| Ankle plantarflexor strength (kg) | 90.49 (23.8) | 98.82 (26.4) | |
| 1st MTP extension ROM (deg) | 70.28 (15.1) | 74.78 (14.4) | |
* values are Mean (SD), unless specified otherwise.
a % of females only.
bcase n = 207, control n = 96.
ccase n = 211, control n = 96.
dcase n = 211, control n = 96.
eAssessment of Quality of Life-6 Dimension scale, 0–100, higher is better.
f Foot Health Status Questionnaire (weighted), 0–100, higher = better function.
MTP metatarsophalangeal, ROM Range of motion.