Table 4. Multivariable results for mid-calcaneal and plantar ROI, standardized co-efficients(se)a,b.
| Mid-calcaneal ROI | Trabecular densityd (mg HA/cm3) | BV/TV (%)d | Trabecular thickness (mm)d | Trabecular number (/mm)d | Trabecular separation (mm)e | |
| Case statusc | -6.6 (4.8) | -0.006 (0.004) | -0.002 (0.001) | 0.029 (0.018) | -0.001 (0.002) | |
| BMI | 19.9 (3.8) | 0.017 (0.003) | 0.004 (0.001) | 0.021 (0.008) | -0.005 (0.001) | |
| BMI*Case interaction | -10.8 (4.6) | -0.009 (0.004) | -0.002 (0.001) | - | - | |
| APFS | -0.05 (2.7) | 0.000 (0.002) | -0.000 (0.001) | 0.036 (0.010) | -0.003 (0.001) | |
| Age | -13.1 (2.4) | -0.011 (0.002) | -0.003 (0.000) | -0.015 (0.009) | 0.004 (0.001) | |
| Female sex | -9.0 (2.6) | -0.008 (0.002) | -0.002 (0.001) | -0.118 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.001) | |
| MVPA | - | - | - | - | -0.002 (0.001) | |
| Plantar ROI | Trabecular density (mg HA/cm3)f | BV/TV (%)f | Trabecular thickness (mm)f | Trabecular number (/mm)g | Trabecular separation (mm)f | Cortical density (mg HA/cm3)f |
| Case statusc | 12.3 (4.6) | 0.010 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.027 (0.014) | -0.004 (0.001) | -7.3 (8.6) |
| APFS | 14.4 (3.8) | 0.012 (0.003) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.026 (0.008) | -0.004 (0.001) | -0.9 (4.8) |
| APFS*Case interaction | -11.9 (4.4) | -0.010 (0.004) | -0.003 (0.001) | - | 0.003 (0.001) | - |
| BMI | 10.4 (2.1) | 0.009 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.047 (0.007) | -0.004 (0.001) | 2.8 (3.9) |
| Age | -3.7 (2.4) | -0.003 (0.002) | -0.001 (0.001) | 0.007 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.001) | -23.8 (4.4) |
| Female sex | -6.4 (2.5) | -0.005 (0.002) | 0.000 (0.001) | -0.084 (0.008) | 0.005 (0.001) | -16.6 (4.7) |
| MVPA | - | - | - | 0.009 (0.007) | - | - |
ROI region of interest, BV/TV bone volume/total volume, BMI body mass index, APFS ankle plantarflexor strength, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity.
aMultivariable linear regression model, standardized X co-efficients, unstandardized Y (standard error).
bBold denotes statistically significant with p<0.05.
ccase = 1, control = 0.
dAdjusted for age, sex & ankle plantarflexor strength, n = 319.
eAdjusted for age, sex, ankle plantarflexor strength and physical activity (MVPA), n = 306.
fAdjusted for age, sex, & BMI, n = 319.
gAdjusted for age, sex, BMI & physical activity (MVPA), n = 306.