Table 2.

Summary of the last 10 years studies on cartilage regeneration via biopolymers.

Main Base	Main Materials	Advantages	Highlighted Achievements	Disadvantages	Ref.
Chitosan	Chitosan, kartogenin	Increased mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and cell adhesion	Significant statistical models to predict the properties	Immunogenic	[58]
	Gellan gum (GG)/nanoparticles/graphene oxide/hydroxyethyl cellulose/dialdehyde starch/ poly (vinyl alcohol)/gelatin/ hyaluronic acid		Controllable properties, degradation rate, and pore size		[43,59,60]
	Chitosan, Pyrrole		Good thermo-sensitive gelation	High gelation time, swelling, and degradation time	[61]
	Chitosan, PLA, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite		-	Bioinert	[62]
Collagen/gelatin	hyaluronic acid/dialdehyde micro fibrillated cellulose (DAMFC)/transglutaminase enzyme	Biosafe, excellent mechanical and biochemical properties, biocompatibility, and cell viability, low cost, biodegradable, ECM production of cartilage	-	Immunogenic	[63,64,65,66,67,68]
	Riboflavin, collagen, hyaluronic acid		-	Delayed enzyme-triggered degradation time	[69]
	Gelatin, graft-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)		Low water/oil interfacial tensions, thermo-responsive		[70]
	Alginate, borax		Reduced inflammatory effect		[71]
Hyaluronic acid	Alginate/cellulose nanocrystals, adipic acid dihydrazide/fibrin/ lysine methyl ester/divinyl sulfone, functionalized inulin	Bioprintable, biocompatible, good proliferation, stable, enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation	-	Weak mechanical integrity, fast degradation in vivo	[72,73,74,75,76,77,78]
	Polydactyly chondrocytes, heparin/fibrin		Cartilage-like matrix		[79]
	Trans glutaminase crosslinked hyaluronan		Excellent mitogen chondrification, superior adhesion to native cartilage		[80]
	PEG, chondrocytes		Superior mechanical properties, improved metabolic viability	Fast degradation	[81]
Fibrin	ECM microparticle, alginate microbeads/PEG, human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells	Stable, biocompatible, injectable	-		[82,83]
Alginate	Gelatin, Hydroxyapatite, protein (BSA),Alginate, Fibrinogen	Tunable mechanical properties similar to native cartilage, excellent osteochondral regeneration and proliferation, 3D printable, excellent cell adhesion and biocompatibility	Interconnected mesh structure, great flexibility and degradation	Slow and unpredictable degradation in vivo	[84]
	Hydroxyapatite (HAP) complex		-		[85]
	Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells/polymethacrylate hybrid, collagen type I/hyaluronic acid, elastin-like protein (ELP)		-		[86,87]
	-		Excellent viscoelasticity		[88]
	Gelatin		High degradation		[89]
Elastin	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide- co-polylactide-2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-oligo (ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate (PNPHO)	Biocompatible, proper mechanical properties, good structural stable, cell proliferation, injectable	-	Difficult to integrate with surrounding tissue, Immunogenic	[90]
	Silk		Cell interactions		[91]
Chondroitin sulfate	Pullulan/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAAm)	Biocompatible, cytocompatible, increased cell proliferation, mechanically stable, improved cartilaginous ECM deposition, good mechanical properties, injectable	Self-healing	Immunogenic	[92]
			No cytotoxicity		[93]