Table 5.
Summary of the recent studies on self-healing hydrogels with multiple crosslinks for CTE applications.
| Hydrogels (Materials) | Bonding Mechanisms | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyvinyl alcohol/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/sulfosuccinic acid | H-bonding | High water content (75 wt %) | [220] |
| Crystallization | High tensile stress (~2.5 MPa) | ||
| Electrostatic interactions | Large elongation (>600%) | ||
| Conductivity (~25 mS/cm) | |||
| Carboxymethyl cellulose/borate/gelatin | Schiff-base reaction | pH and glucose responsive | [221] |
| Boronate-diol complexation | |||
| P(urea-IL1-SPMA1)-3d IL: imidazolium-based ionic liquid SPMA: 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt |
H-bonding | Tensile strength of ~1.3 MPa | [222] |
| Ionic interaction | Strain at break of ~720% | ||
| Toughness of ~6.7 MJ/m3 | |||
| Laponite® nano-clay, hydroxyapatite, poly-L-arginine, sodium polyacrylate |
H-bonding | - | [223] |
| Electrostatic interactions | |||
| Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/branched poly(ethylenimine)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/poly(acrylic acid) |
H-bonding | Tensile strength: 1.26 MPa | [224] |
| Electrostatic interactions | Strain at break: 2434.2% | ||
| Toughness: 19.53 MJ/m3 | |||
| Free radical polymerization of acrylic acid/acrylamide in the presence of chitosan | H-bonding | High water content (<90%) | [225] |
| Electrostatic interactions | Strain at break <625%) | ||
| High self-healing efficiency (<88%) | |||
| Functionalized single-wall carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol/polydopamine |
H-bonding | Fast self-healing ability (~2 s) | [226] |
| π-π interactions | High self-healing efficiency (99%) | ||
| Robust adhesiveness | |||
| Amoc (9-anthracenemethoxycarbonyl)-capped dipeptides | H-bonding | Antibacterial efficacy | [227] |
| π-π interactions | |||
| Hyaluronic acid-graft-dopamine and reduced graphene oxide/using a H2O2/HPR (horseradish peroxidase) | H-bonding | Antioxidant activity | [228] |
| Photothermal effect | |||
| π-π interactions | Adhesive hydrogel | ||
| Hemostatic hydrogel | |||
| Conductive hydrogel | |||
| Casein sodium salt from bovine milk/polydopamine/polyacrylamide | H-bonding | Super-stretchability | [229] |
| π-π interactions | Excellent fatigue resistance | ||
| Rapid self-healing | |||
| Poly (styrene-acrylic acid) core-shell nanoparticles/free radical copolymerization of acrylamide and stearyl methylacrylate |
H-bonding | Excellent self-healing | [230] |
| Hydrophobic interactions | Good mechanical properties | ||
| Alginate aldehyde/poly (acrylamide) | Schiff-base reaction | Excellent self-healing and mechanical properties | [231] |
| H-bonding | |||
| Glycol chitosan/cellulose nanofiber/telechelic difunctional polyethylene glycol | Schiff-base reaction | Injectability (neural stem cells delivery) | [232] |
| H-bonding | |||
| Salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone-terminal poly(ethylene glycol)/Ni2+ | Metal–ligand coordination | Rapid self-healing Reversible pH-responsiveness |
[233] |
| Hydrophobic interactions | |||
| Adamantane and β-cyclodextrin modified hyaluronic acid/methacrylated hyaluronic acid |
Michael addition crosslinking (covalent reaction) | Injectability | [234] |
| Rapid self-healing | |||
| Host-guest interactions | Cytocompatibility | ||
| Mechanical toughness |