Figure 3.

Effects of sleep restriction with placebo vs dual clamp treatment on hyperinsulinemia (top left), hyperglycemia (top right), pancreatic beta cell function (bottom left), and pancreatic response to insulin resistance (bottom right). Error bars indicate standard error. Statistical significance of the (within-subject) effect of treatment on the difference between baseline and sleep restriction is indicated by large brackets, and treatment-specific differences between baseline and sleep restriction are indicated by the smaller brackets. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.