Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Nov 9;12:739994. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.739994

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Draman, Zhang, Dayan and Ludgate

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Cartoon summarizing orbital fibroblast signaling cascades in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and how they affect pathogenetic mechanisms (adipogenesis and hyaluronan production). TSHR/TRAB and IGFR/IGF are shown in red with arrows indicating the possible crosstalk between the pathways in GO. thyrotropin receptor (TSHR, serpentine structure); TSHR auto-antibodies (TRAB); Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and IGF1; protein kinase A (PKA); protein kinase B (PKB/Akt); protein kinase C (PKC); phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K); forkhead box protein O (FOXO); hyaluronan production (HA).