FIGURE 5.

Subject 1 (A) From Left to Right: Location of wire fiducials within the surgical pocket. (Note, this subject’s surgical photo does not contain histology dye, however, it was placed on the nerve before removal from the pocket). The location of the paired ultrasound video and required placement of stimulating contact is at wire fiducial two [0.62 cm from the superior laryngeal coming off of the nodose ganglion (NG)]. (A1–3) Progressive ultrasound images in the cranial to caudal direction from the NG to the cervical vagus nerve (VN), and location where volunteers were requested to place the stimulating contact (1–3, respectively). Red arrow indicates pseudo-unipolar cell region of the NG, pink arrows indicate motor efferent region, purple arrow indicates sensory afferent region, as confirmed via histology. (B) Ultrasound cross sections of wire fiducial two, where volunteers were asked to trace the sensory afferent axons from the NG. Top panel: pink arrows note motor efferent region, purple arrow indicates the sensory afferent fascicle grouping, green dashed line indicates area of transected connective tissue during removal for histology. Bottom panel: analog clock face placed on test video to give volunteers locations to place the hypothetical stimulating contact based on their tracing task, green dashed line indicates area of transected connective tissue during removal for histology. (C) Histology slice from wire fiducial two, as indicated with histology dye, with analog clock face to demonstrate stimulating contact locations as placed by volunteers in the ultrasound video. Green dashed line indicates area of transected connective tissue during removal for histology. (B,C) Red circles indicate each volunteer’s placement of the stimulating contact, the yellow circle indicates the average response, and the blue circle indicates the optimal contact location. Sympathetic trunk (ST), medial (M), ventral (V), dorsal (D), lateral (L).