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. 2021 Nov 26;12:783236. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783236

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Copyright © 2021 Xing, Gao, Cui and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of HCC immune tolerance. CCL-2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; CSF-1, colony-stimulating factor; DCs, dendritic cells; CXCL-12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; NK cells, natural killer cells; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; TMAs, tumor-associated macrophage; TME, tumor microenvironment; Tregs, regulatory T cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.