Table 3.
Characteristics of participants enrolled in WellGen and ANDIS study by clusters for all participants, and for male and female participants
| Characteristic | WellGen | ANDIS | WellGen vs ANDIS | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SIDD | SIRD | MOD | MARD | p value | p1 value | SIDD | SIRD | MOD | MARD | p value | p1 value | p value for SIDD | p value for MOD | |
| All participants (N = 1612 for WellGen, N = 962 for ANDIS) | ||||||||||||||
| Participants in subroup, n (%) | 851 (52.79) | 18 (1.12) | 608 (37.72) | 135 (8.37) | 251 (26.09) | 35 (3.64) | 650 (67.57) | 26 (2.7) | ||||||
| Age at diagnosis, years | 36.86 (5.81) | 38.83 (4.93) | 36.25 (5.77) | 40.84 (3.98) | 0.005a | <0.0001a | 38.98 (6.24) | 39.94 (5.87) | 38.56 (5.9) | 42.5 (2.79) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 10.49 (8.25) | 6.41 (7.16) | 8.72 (8.03) | 9.83 (8.44) | 0.001a | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.02 (3.45) | 28.37 (5.27) | 28.4 (4.03) | 23.22 (2.44) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 28.29 (5.43) | 36.62 (6.28) | 34.92 (6.41) | 24.11 (2.33) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 10.77 (3.39) | 6.86 (1.89) | 7.85 (2.37) | 6.50 (1.47) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.75 (3.67) | 7.05 (2.22) | 7.97 (2.25) | 6.75 (1.26) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.06 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 87.01 (19.34) | 56.7 (13.1) | 58.33 (12.92) | 47.25 (10.37) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 100.6 (19.62) | 55.19 (13.79) | 58.87 (17.64) | 45.85 (7.41) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.53 |
| HbA1c, % | 10.1 (3.9) | 7.3 (3.3) | 7.5 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.1) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.4 (4.0) | 7.2 (3.4) | 7.5 (3.8) | 6.3 (2.8) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.53 |
| Fasting C-peptide, nmol/l | 0.68 (0.39) | 1.01 (0.62) | 0.89 (0.48) | 0.58 (0.29) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.85 (0.4) | 2.53 (0.61) | 1.29 (0.48) | 0.73 (0.24) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| HOMA2-B | 37.66 (22.24) | 214.99 (41.01) | 77.49 (42.02) | 73.74 (31.16) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 41.03 (28.34) | 968.71 (56.43) | 94.79 (38.53) | 80.15 (27.62) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.048 | <0.0001a |
| HOMA2-IR | 2.08 (1.41) | 4.73 (1.56) | 2.28 (1.29) | 1.42 (0.76) | 0.314 | <0.0001a | 2.67 (1.42) | 6.17 (1.86) | 3.31 (1.42) | 1.78 (0.63) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.043 | <0.0001a |
| Male participants (n = 902 for WellGen, n = 567 for ANDIS) | ||||||||||||||
| Participants in subgroup, n (%) | 547 (60.6) | 5 (0.55) | 230 (25.50) | 120 (13.30) | 185 (32.6) | 16 (2.82) | 345 (60.85) | 21 (3.7) | ||||||
| Age at diagnosis, years | 36.96 (5.67) | 42.07 (10.27) | 36.59 (5.43) | 40.7 (4.12) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 38.91 (6.08) | 40.56 (6.19) | 39.0 (5.73) | 42.05 (2.87) | 0.08 | 0.089 | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 10.55 (8.70) | 8.03 (6.59) | 7.71 (7.98) | 9.98 (8.56) | 0.005a | -- | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.44 (3.08) | 28.75 (3.54) | 28.77 (3.67) | 23.41 (2.34) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 27.45 (3.9) | 36.74 (6.01) | 35.44 (5.9) | 24.72 (2.11) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 10.29 (3.22) | 5.75 (1.0) | 7.63 (2.43) | 6.52 (1.53) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.80 (3.5) | 7.58 (3.04) | 8.16 (2.53) | 6.77 (2.53) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.013 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 84.67 (20.57) | 49.07 (10.27) | 59.94 (13.35) | 47.55 (10.02) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 99.58 (20.31) | 57.33 (13.82) | 64.59 (18.46) | 45.30 (7.11) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.001a |
| HbA1c, % | 9.9 (4.0) | 6.6 (3.1) | 7.6 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.1) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.3 (4.0) | 7.4 (3.4) | 8.1 (3.8) | 6.3 (2.8) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.001a |
| Fasting C-peptide, nmol/l | 0.66 (0.38) | 2.17 (0.44) | 1.08 (0.51) | 0.60 (0.30) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.82 (0.35) | 2.65 (0.61) | 1.36 (0.49) | 0.72 (0.49) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| HOMA2-B | 39.33 (22.5) | 229.16 (40.98) | 92.27 (42.49) | 75.58 (31.92) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 39.15 (25.31) | 200.56 (74.37) | 98.19 (40.98) | 78.57 (27.41) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.92 | 0.094 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.96 (1.34) | 4.99 (1.23) | 2.76 (1.41) | 1.47 (0.78) | 0.092 | <0.0001a | 2.59 (1.27) | 6.67 (2.23) | 3.56 (1.48) | 1.77 (0.65) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Female participants (n = 710 for WellGen, n = 395 for ANDIS) | ||||||||||||||
| Participants in subgroup, n (%) | 304 (42.82) | 13 (1.83) | 378 (53.24) | 15 (2.11) | 66 (16.7) | 19 (4.8) | 305 (77.2) | 5 (1.26) | ||||||
| Age at diagnosis, years | 36.68 (6.06) | 37.51 (4.92) | 36.05 (5.96) | 41.98 (2.51) | 0.722 | 0.001a | 39.2 (6.72) | 39.42 (5.71) | 38.07 (6.06) | 44.4 (1.34) | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.0028a | <0.0001a |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 10.38 (7.37) | 5.79 (7.53) | 9.34 (8.00) | 8.57 (7.53) | 0.070 | -- | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.07 (3.82) | 28.23 (5.92) | 28.18 (4.22) | 21.69 (2.75) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 30.65 (7.92) | 36.51 (6.67) | 34.33 (6.90) | 21.54 (1.19) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 11.64 (3.53) | 5.89 (1.44) | 7.98 (2.33) | 6.33 (0.97) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.61 (4.11) | 6.63 (1.08) | 7.76 (1.88) | 6.66 (1.62) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.92 | 0.19 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 91.22 (16.11) | 59.63 (13.21) | 57.34 (12.57) | 44.85 (12.98) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 103.48 (17.35) | 53.39 (13.88) | 52.41 (14.12) | 48.15 (9.04) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| HbA1c, % | 10.5 (3.6) | 7.6 (3.4) | 7.4 (3.3) | 6.3 (3.3) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 11.7 (3.7) | 7.0 (3.4) | 6.9 (3.4) | 6.6 (3.0) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | <0.0001a |
| Fasting C-peptide, nmol/l | 0.71 (0.41) | 1.98 (0.63) | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.42 (0.20) | 0.479 | <0.0001a | 0.90 (0.5) | 2.43 (0.61) | 1.19 (0.46) | 0.76 (0.23) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.0013a | <0.0001a |
| HOMA2-B | 34.67 (21.47) | 209.54 (41.32) | 68.5 (39.13) | 59.05 (19.27) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 46.29 (35.19) | 193.47 (37.16) | 90.94 (35.22) | 86.78 (30.71) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.00052a | <0.0001a |
| HOMA2-IR | 2.29 (1.49) | 4.63 (1.71) | 1.98 (1.12) | 1.03 (0.47) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 2.9 (1.78) | 5.74 (1.39) | 3.03 (1.30) | 1.84 (0.61) | <0.0001a | <0.0001a | 0.0043a | <0.0001a |
Note: Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated
aBonferroni corrected significant p values
p value by ANOVA, p1 adjusted for duration of diabetes