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. 2021 Dec 9;11:23749. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02505-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–c) Study design and workflow. An overview of the study design and workflow. (a) Flowchart of the three patient cohorts from which samples were collected and defining characteristics of each cohort. (b) The workflow used to profile the microbial communities within synovial fluid and blood samples using three separate library preparation methods: 16S rRNA amplification, shotgun metagenomics, and shotgun metatranscriptomics. (c) A breakdown of the number of synovial fluid and blood samples included in downstream bioinformatic processing for each cohort and library preparation method. These diagrams were generated using Adobe Illustrator version 23.0.2 (https://adobe.com/products/illustrator) and Photoshop version 21 (https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop).