Table 3.
6-month outcomes, by subphenotype *
| Patient-reported outcomes† | Total N=232** |
Hypo-inflammatory N=165 |
Hyper-inflammatory N=67 |
P Value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-related quality of life: SF-36 (normalized scores) | ||||
| Physical Functioning | 36 (23,48) | 36 (23,49) | 34 (21,47) | 0.12 |
| Physical Component Summary | 35 (28,47) | 37 (27,48) | 33 (29,43) | 0.29 |
| Mental Health | 47 (33,56) | 47 (33,56) | 44 (35,56) | 0.99 |
| Mental Component Summary | 47 (34,57) | 48 (33,58) | 44 (36,56) | 0.56 |
| Health-related quality of life: EQ-5D-3L | ||||
| Utility score | 0.77 (0.51,0.84) | 0.78 (0.56,0.84) | 0.71 (0.46,0.83) | 0.31 |
| Visual analogue scale | 72 (50,80) | 70 (50,80) | 74 (50,85) | 0.92 |
| Physical functioning | ||||
| Functional Performance Inventory-Short Form | 1.9 (1.3,2.5) | 2.0 (1.4,2.6) | 1.7 (1.2,2.4) | 0.14 |
| Mental health symptoms | ||||
| Anxiety subscale of HADS | 7 (3,11) | 6 (3,10) | 8 (4,12) | 0.14 |
| Depression subscale of HADS | 5 (2,10) | 5 (2,10) | 5 (2,10) | 0.81 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder IES-R | 0.8 (0.2,1.7) | 0.7 (0.2,1.5) | 1.2 (0.3,1.9) | 0.11 |
| In-patient healthcare utilization | ||||
| Physical rehabilitation, N (%) ¶ | 51 (22) | 33 (20) | 18 (27) | 0.29 |
| Skilled nursing, N (%) ¶ | 18 (8) | 10 (6) | 8 (12) | 0.17 |
| Hospital re-admission, N (%) | 68 (29) | 49 (30) | 19 (28) | 1.00 |
| No. admissions to hospital, among those with admission | 1.0 (1.0,2.2) | 1.0 (1.0,2.0) | 1.0 (1.0,3.0) | 0.66 |
| Performance-based physical outcomes | N=65 | N=44 | N=21 | |
| 6-minute walk distance, % predicted | 66 (48,80) | 66 (48,80) | 66 (49,79) | 0.76 |
| 4-meter gait speed, m/s | 0.9 (0.8,1.1) | 0.9 (0.8,1.2) | 0.9 (0.8,1.0) | 0.48 |
| Hand Grip, % predicted§ | 78 (63,105) | 84 (65,107) | 77 (62,90) | 0.28 |
| Muscle strength, % maximum | 95 (92,98) | 96 (93,100) | 95 (90,98) | 0.26 |
| Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, % predicted | 91 (58,110) | 93 (60,113) | 82 (56,100) | 0.19 |
| FEV1 % predicted | 80 (62,91) | 80 (64,91) | 78 (58,89) | 0.63 |
| FVC % predicted | 77 (62,94) | 77 (63,95) | 77 (60,89) | 0.46 |
| Cognitive outcomes¥ | N=127 | N=89 | N=38 | |
| Executive function | 5 (3,6) | 5 (3,6) | 5 (2,6) | 0.78 |
| Language | 32 (23,39) | 33 (24,39) | 29 (23,38) | 0.48 |
| Verbal reasoning & concept formation | 10 (7,12) | 10 (7,12) | 11 (7,12) | 0.91 |
| Working memory & attention | 9 (8,11) | 9 (8,11) | 9 (7,11) | 0.42 |
| Immediate memory (Logical Memory I) | 9 (6,11) | 9 (7,11) | 7 (5,11) | 0.27 |
| Delayed memory (Logical Memory II) | 9 (6,11) | 9 (7,11) | 8 (6,11) | 0.33 |
FEV1, forced expiratory volume first second; FPI-Short Form overall score and subscale scores (for each, range: 0–3); FVC, forced vital capacity; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-revised; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 V.2.
Median values (IQR) are presented unless otherwise indicated. Higher scores are better, except for mental health outcomes.
One patient had a 6-month follow-up assessment, but did not complete all of the outcome measures and hence, is excluded from the sample size reported in this table.
Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for proportions.
Explanation of scoring: SF-36 physical function and mental health normalized scores (mean=50; SD =10; range: 0–100); SF-36 physical and mental health summary normalized scores (mean=50; SD=10); EQ-5D utility score (range: −0.11 to 1.0) and visual analogue scale score (range: 0–100); FPI-Short Form overall score and subscale scores (for each, range: 0–3); HADS subscale scores for anxiety and depression (for each, range: 0–21, with scores ≥8 indicating substantial symptoms); IES-R (range: 0–4, with scores ≥1.6 indicating substantial symptoms); manual muscle testing score (range: 0–60, with scores <48 indicating ‘ICU-acquired weakness’).
Includes number of patients discharged from hospital to these facilities or admitted to these facilities in the course of follow-up.
Greater handgrip of right and left hands.
Explanation of scoring: executive function was evaluated with the Hayling Sentence Completion Test scaled score (range 1–10); language was evaluated with the Controlled oral word association total score; verbal reasoning and concept formation was evaluated with the Similarities age-adjusted scaled score (range 1–19); attention and working memory was evaluated with the Digit Span age-adjusted scaled score (range 1–19); and immediate and delayed memory was evaluated with the Logical Memory I and II age-adjusted scaled scores (range 1–19).