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. 2021 Nov 26;12:785220. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220

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Copyright © 2021 Farahi, Sinha and Lusis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Monocyte origin and heterogeneity. (A) Blood monocytes originate from HSC-derived progenitors with myeloid restricted differentiation potential. Successive commitment steps in the bone marrow include CMPs, GMPs, and MDPs. MDPs give rise to monocytes. (B) Human monocytes are classified into three subtypes based on the differential expression of CD14 and CD16. Monocytes mature in the bone marrow and are subsequently released into the circulation. Progressively, classical monocytes CD14⁺⁺CD16 give rise to non-classical monocytes CD14⁺CD16⁺⁺ through an intermediate step of CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺ monocytes. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), Granulocyte-Mφ precursors (GMPs), Mφ/Dendritic cell progenitor cells (MDPs).