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. 2021 Nov 26;12:785220. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220

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Copyright © 2021 Farahi, Sinha and Lusis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Markers of monocyte and macrophages. (A) Monocytes and macrophages express an ample variety of receptors that modulate monocyte and Mφ activation. (B) Mφs can polarize to M1 or M2 (M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d) in response to different inducers and secrete pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines respectively. M2b Mφs can convert to the other M2 subtypes in response to activated factors. M2b Mφs inhibit the conversion from monocyte to M1 Mφs. M2b also cannot repolarize to M1 during exposure to M1 inducer. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mannose receptor (MR).