FIGURE 2.

The regulation of the three pathways of cancer cells and their crossover. During cancer development, metabolic reprogramming provides cancer cells the ability to survive and proliferate. Glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism are inseparable. Activated glycolysis and impaired aerobic respiration shape the altered glucose metabolism. In addition, deregulated anabolism/catabolism of fatty and amino acids, especially glutamine, serine, and glycine, have been identified to function as metabolic regulators in supporting cancer cell growth. TCA, tricarboxylic acid; FA, fatty acid; acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; FA-CoA, fatty acetyl coenzyme A.