Table 3.
Baseline characteristics for patients with T2DM with a COVID-19 diagnosis or positive SARS-CoV-2 test results by medication cohort
| Characteristic | No-G/D/P* (n = 23,714) |
GLP-1 (n = 1,774) |
P | SMD | DPP-4 (n = 2,264) |
P | SMD | Pioglitazone (n = 469) |
P | SMD | Any Med† (n = 5,606) |
P | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age,‡ years, mean (SD) | 60.9 (15.3) | 55.0 (12.7) | <0.001 | 0.39 | 64.6 (13.5) | <0.001 | 0.25 | 63.1 (13.5) | 0.003 | 0.15 | 60.2 (13.5) | 0.006 | 0.05 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Female | 12,142 (51.2) | 1,079 (60.8) | < 0.001 | 1,152 (50.9) | 0.80 | 219 (46.7) | 0.19 | 3,066 (54.7) | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 11,572 (48.8) | 695 (39.2) | <0.001 | 1,112 (49.1) | 0.79 | 250 (53.3) | 0.19 | 2,540 (45.3) | <0.001 | ||||
| Race, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| White | 11,792 (49.7) | 609 (52.3) | 0.46 | 1,114 (49.2) | 0.64 | 178 (52.4) | 0.32 | 2,790 (50.5) | 0.18 | ||||
| Black or African American | 5,874 (24.8) | 334 (28.7) | <0.001 | 603 (26.6) | 0.05 | 79 (23.2) | 0.06 | 1,669 (30.2) | <0.001 | ||||
| Asian | 783 (3.3) | 10 (0.9) | <0.001 | 116 (5.1) | < 0.001 | 12 (3.5) | 0.85 | 170 (3.1) | 0.36 | ||||
| Unknown | 4,808 (20.3) | 200 (17.2) | <0.001 | 409 (18.1) | 0.01 | 63 (18.5) | 0.005 | 830 (15.0) | <0.001 | ||||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 4,755 (20.1) | 239 (20.5) | 0.17 | 354 (15.6) | < 0.001 | 85 (25.0) | 0.72 | 929 (16.8) | <0.001 | ||||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 10,407 (43.9) | 659 (56.6) | <0.001 | 1,076 (47.5) | < 0.001 | 172 (50.6) | <0.001 | 2,679 (48.5) | <0.001 | ||||
| Unknown | 8,552 (36.1) | 266 (22.9) | <0.001 | 834 (36.8) | 0.46 | 83 (24.4) | <0.001 | 1,912 (34.6) | 0.01 | ||||
| Vitals and key laboratory findings,§ mean (SD) | |||||||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.3 (8.7) | 37.5 (9.3) | <0.001 | 0.58 | 31.4 (8.1) | 0.02 | 0.10 | 31.9 (8.0) | 0.82 | 0.04 | 34.3 (9.0) | <0.001 | 0.22 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 152.0 (77.5) | 168.0 (81.4) | <0.001 | 0.20 | 167.0 (80.2) | <0.001 | 0.19 | 159.0 (79.9) | 0.40 | 0.09 | 168.0 (81.2) | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| HbA1c | <0.001 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.33 | |||||
| % | 7.5 (2.1) | 8.4 (2.2) | 8.0 (2.0) | 7.8 (2.0) | 8.2 (2.0) | ||||||||
| mmol/mol | 58 (23) | 68 (24) | 64 (21.9) | 62 (21.9) | 66 (21.9) | ||||||||
| Blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||||||||
| Systolic | 129.0 (22.0) | 129.0 (19.7) | 0.03 | 0.00 | 130.0 (21.3) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 128.0 (23.0) | 0.72 | 0.05 | 130.0 (20.4) | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Diastolic | 73.3 (13.4) | 75.8 (12.8) | <0.001 | 0.19 | 71.7 (13.5) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 71.8 (14.6) | 0.19 | 0.11 | 74.1 (13.1) | 0.009 | 0.06 |
| Comorbidities,¶ n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Essential (primary) hypertension | 10,648 (44.9) | 651 (55.9) | <0.001 | 1,266 (55.9) | <0.001 | 177 (52.1) | 0.003 | 3,166 (57.4) | <0.001 | ||||
| Overweight and obesity | 4,161 (17.5) | 416 (35.7) | <0.001 | 416 (18.4) | 0.32 | 71 (20.9) | 0.13 | 1,444 (26.2) | <0.001 | ||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 3,521 (14.9) | 161 (13.8) | 0.17 | 451 (19.9) | <0.001 | 51 (15.0) | 0.99 | 881 (16.0) | 0.04 | ||||
| Heart failure | 2,786 (11.7) | 99 (8.5) | < 0.001 | 344 (15.2) | <0.001 | 32 (9.4) | 0.18 | 613 (11.1) | 0.18 | ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1,467 (6.2) | 37 (3.2) | < 0.001 | 177 (7.8) | 0.002 | 22 (6.5) | 0.83 | 307 (5.6) | 0.11 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 3,528 (14.9) | 150 (12.9) | 0.06 | 508 (22.4) | <0.001 | 59 (17.4) | 0.22 | 941 (17.0) | <0.001 |
P values indicate significance compared with the No-G/D/P cohort. SMD, standardized mean difference between drug cohorts and the No-G/D/P cohort.
*The No-G/D/P cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who did not have any GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or pioglitazone in the EMR.
†The Any Med cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who had GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and/or pioglitazone in the EMR.
‡Age is defined as the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.
§Vitals and key laboratory findings are the most recent values recorded in the EMR within 6 months up to the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.
¶Comorbidities are the presence of a diagnostic code for the six major comorbidities within the EMR within 6 months up to the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.