Table 4.
Risk of adverse outcomes within 28 days after COVID-19 diagnosis or positive SARS-CoV-2 test results
| Before propensity matching | After propensity matching* | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | RR (95% CI) | P | Relative change, % | n after matching | n (%) | RR (95% CI) | P | Relative change, % | |
| Hospital admissions | |||||||||
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,741 (28.4) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.004 | 4.3 | |||||
| All T2DM (n = 29,516) | 8,046 (27.3) | ||||||||
| GLP-1 (n = 1,774) | 267 (15.1) | 0.53 (0.47–0.59) | <0.001 | −47.1 | 1,163 | 183 (15.7) | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | <0.001 | −33.0 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,741 (28.4) | 1,163 | 273 (23.5) | ||||||
| DPP-4 (n = 2,264) | 667 (29.5) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 0.30 | 3.6 | 2,264 | 667 (29.5) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.63 | −2.5 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,741 (28.4) | 2,264 | 684 (30.2) | ||||||
| Pioglitazone (n = 469) | 108 (23.0) | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | 0.01 | −19.0 | 340 | 68 (20.0) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.01 | −29.2 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,741 (28.4) | 340 | 96 (28.2) | ||||||
| Any Med‡ (n = 5,606) | 1,259 (22.5) | 0.79 (0.75–0.83) | <0.001 | −21.0 | 5,520 | 1,229 (22.3) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | <0.001 | −16.2 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,741 (28.4) | 5,520 | 1,467 (26.6) | ||||||
| Respiratory complications | |||||||||
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,432 (27.1) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | <0.001 | 5.7 | |||||
| All T2DM (n = 29,516) | 7,577 (25.7) | ||||||||
| GLP-1 (n = 1,774) | 269 (15.2) | 0.56 (0.50–0.63) | <0.001 | −44.1 | 1,163 | 178 (15.3) | 0.62 (0.52–0.73) | <0.001 | −38.4 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,432 (27.1) | 1,163 | 289 (24.9) | ||||||
| DPP-4 (n = 2,264) | 543 (24.0) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.001 | −11.6 | 2,264 | 543 (24.0) | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 | −18.0 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,432 (27.1) | 2,264 | 662 (29.2) | ||||||
| Pioglitazone (n = 469) | 112 (23.0) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.12 | −12.0 | 340 | 85 (25.0) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.34 | −11.5 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,432 (27.1) | 340 | 96 (28.2) | ||||||
| Any Med‡ (n = 5,606) | 1,101 (19.6) | 0.72 (0.68–0.77) | <0.001 | −27.6 | 5,520 | 1,083 (19.6) | 0.73 (0.68–0.78) | <0.001 | −27.2 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 6,432 (27.1) | 5,520 | 1,488 (27.0) | ||||||
| Mortality | |||||||||
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 1,443 (6.1) | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) | 0.21 | −6.5 | |||||
| All T2DM (n = 29,516) | 1,921 (6.5) | ||||||||
| GLP-1 (n = 1,774) | 44 (2.5) | 0.41 (0.30–0.55) | <0.001 | −59.2 | 1,163 | 22 (1.9) | 0.58 (0.35–0.97) | 0.04 | −42.1 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 1,443 (6.1) | 1,163 | 38 (3.3) | ||||||
| DPP-4 (n = 2,264) | 169 (7.5) | 1.23 (1.05–1.43) | 0.009 | 22.7 | 2,264 | 169 (7.5) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 0.78 | 3.1 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 1,443 (6.1) | 2,264 | 164 (7.2) | ||||||
| Pioglitazone (n = 469) | 21 (4.5) | 0.74 (0.48–1.12) | 0.15 | −26.4 | 340 | 17 (5.0) | 1.06 (0.55–2.07) | 0.86 | 6.3 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 1,443 (6.1) | 340 | 16 (4.7) | ||||||
| Any Med‡ (n = 5,606) | 266 (4.7) | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) | <0.001 | −22.0 | 5,520 | 254 (4.6) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.05 | −15.1 |
| No-G/D/P† (n = 23,714) | 1,443 (6.1) | 5,520 | 299 (5.4) | ||||||
P values indicate significance compared with the No-G/D/P cohort.
Propensity matching balanced cohorts according to age, sex, race, ethnicity, BMI, and the presence of essential (primary) hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or overweight and obesity in the EMR within 6 months before COVID-19 diagnosis.
The No-G/D/P cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who did not have any GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or pioglitazone in the EMR.
The Any Med cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who had GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and/or pioglitazone in the EMR.