Table 5.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized patients who continued or discontinued specified medications
| Before propensity matching | After propensity matching* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic and cohort | Continued† | Discontinued | P | SMD | Continued† | Discontinued | P | SMD |
| Age,‡ years, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 64.9 (14.8) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 58.3 (13.1) | 57.5 (13.5) | 0.70 | 0.05 | 59.2 (13.6) | 57.6 (12.8) | 0.49 | 0.11 |
| DPP-4 | 66.4 (13.0) | 68.5 (12.7) | 0.03 | 0.14 | 67.1 (12.7) | 66.4 (12.4) | 0.50 | 0.05 |
| Pioglitazone | 65.3 (12.7) | 69.5 (11.6) | 0.08 | 0.28 | 67.2 (12.4) | 66.4 (12.7) | 0.81 | 0.05 |
| Any Med‖‖ | 64.1 (13.3) | 65.3 (13.6) | 0.15 | 0.08 | 64.3 (13.1) | 64.7 (13.4) | 0.62 | 0.03 |
| Male sex, n/N (%) | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 3,661/6,742 (54) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 40/94 (43) | 76/173 (44) | 0.95 | 31/67 (46) | 29/67 (43) | 0.73 | ||
| DPP-4 | 143/264 (54) | 212/403 (53) | 0.65 | 133/253 (53) | 138/253 (55) | 0.66 | ||
| Pioglitazone | 24/43 (56) | 32/65 (49) | 0.45 | 13/30 (43) | 16/30 (53) | 0.44 | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 254/486 (52) | 378/773 (49) | 0.25 | 249/482 (52) | 237/482 (49) | 0.41 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 30.8 (8.5) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 30.9 (6.2) | 40.2 (11.3) | 0.009 | 1.04 | 31.4 (6.6) | 39.4 (13.6) | 0.11 | 0.90 |
| DPP-4 | 29.1 (5.9) | 30.6 (8.1) | 0.14 | 0.17 | 29.1 (5.9) | 29.2 (7.9) | 0.92 | 0.01 |
| Pioglitazone | 33.1 (11.1) | 30.0 (6.9) | 0.29 | 0.35 | 32.3 (12.8) | 32.4 (9.2) | 0.97 | 0.01 |
| Any Med‖‖ | 31.5 (7.4) | 32.8 (9.1) | 0.12 | 0.15 | 31.5 (7.4) | 31.7 (9.7) | 0.85 | 0.02 |
| Comorbidities,¶ n/N (%) | ||||||||
| Essential (primary) hypertension | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 3,486/6,741 (52) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 55/94 (59) | 109/173 (63) | 0.58 | 38/67 (57) | 44/67 (66) | 0.29 | ||
| DPP-4 | 163/264 (62) | 250/403 (62) | 0.88 | 156/253 (62) | 163/253 (64) | 0.52 | ||
| Pioglitazone | 27/43 (63) | 39/65 (60) | 0.77 | 19/30 (63) | 18/30 (60) | 0.79 | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 303/486 (62) | 478/773 (62) | 0.89 | 300/482 (62) | 304/482 (63) | 0.79 | ||
| Overweight and obesity | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 1,793/6,741 (27) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 32/94 (34) | 86/173 (50) | 0.02 | 26/67 (39) | 25/67 (37) | 0.86 | ||
| DPP-4 | 73/264 (28) | 101/403 (25) | 0.46 | 65/253 (26) | 60/253 (24) | 0.61 | ||
| Pioglitazone | 18/43 (42) | 24/65 (37) | 0.59 | 12/30 (40) | 13/30 (43) | 0.79 | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 152/486 (31) | 264/773 (34) | 0.28 | 151/482 (31) | 152/482 (32) | 0.95 | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 1,598/6,741 (24) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 26/94 (28) | 38/173 (22) | 0.29 | 16/67 (24) | 14/67 (21) | 0.68 | ||
| DPP-4 | 75/264 (28) | 129/403 (32) | 0.31 | 71/253 (28) | 71/253 (28) | >0.99 | ||
| Pioglitazone | <10/43 (—) | 22/65 (34) | — | <10/30 (—) | <10/30 (—) | — | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 127/486 (26) | 226/773 (29) | 0.22 | 127/482 (26) | 120/482 (25) | 0.56 | ||
| Heart failure | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 1,598/6,741 (19) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 17/94 (18) | 31/173 (18) | 0.94 | 12/67 (18) | 12/67 (18) | >0.99 | ||
| DPP-4 | 60/264 (23) | 111/403 (28) | 0.13 | 59/253 (23) | 56/253 (22) | 0.75 | ||
| Pioglitazone | <10/43 (-) | <10/65 (—) | — | <10/30 (—) | <10/30 (—) | — | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 93/486 (19) | 179/773 (23) | 0.09 | 93/482 (19) | 94/482 (20) | 0.94 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 593/6,741 (9) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | <10/94 (—) | <10/173 (—) | — | <10/67 (-) | <10/67 (—) | — | ||
| DPP-4 | 26/264 (10) | 51/403 (13) | 0.25 | 25/253 (10) | 30/253 (12) | 0.56 | ||
| Pioglitazone | <10/43 (—) | <10/65 (—) | — | <10/30 (-) | <10/30 (—) | — | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 45/486 (9) | 82/773 (11) | 0.48 | 44/482 (9) | 48/482 (10) | 0.67 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||||
| No-G/D/P§ | 1,598/6,741 (25) | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| GLP-1 | 18/94 (19) | 41/173 (24) | 0.45 | 14/67 (21) | 18/67 (27) | 0.42 | ||
| DPP-4 | 75/264 (28) | 154/403 (38) | 0.008 | 78/253 (31) | 85/253 (34) | 0.51 | ||
| Pioglitazone | <10/43 (—) | 16/65 (25) | — | <10/30 (—) | <10/30 (—) | — | ||
| Any Med‖‖ | 118/486 (24) | 244/773 (32) | 0.005 | 119/482 (25) | 114/482 (24) | 0.72 | ||
P values indicate significance between continued and discontinued groups. SMD, standardized mean difference between continued and discontinued groups.
Propensity matching balanced cohorts according to age, sex, race, ethnicity, BMI, and the presence of essential (primary) hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or overweight and obesity in the EMR within 6 months before COVID-19 diagnosis.
Patients with the specified medication listed in the EMR after hospitalization within 28 days of a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 were included in the continued group, while those without the specified medications were assigned to the discontinued group.
Age is defined as the age of the patient at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.
The No-G/D/P cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who did not have any GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or pioglitazone in the EMR. Values for the No-G/D/P group represent all hospitalized patients in this cohort.
The Any Med cohort consisted of patients with T2DM with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 who had GLP-1R agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and/or pioglitazone in the EMR.
Comorbidities are assessed as presence of a diagnostic code for the six major comorbidities within the EMR within 6 months up to the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 or positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.