Fig. 5.

Systemic inflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19 patients. Cytokine concentrations in patient sera were measured by Luminex-based multiplex assay. a Heatmap of cytokine data including 83 plasma proteins from UE (n = 36), ICU (n = 58), and CONV (n = 28). P value cutoff of 0.01 was used to identify significant differences among the three cohorts. Samples and immune cell subsets were ordered using to hierarchical clustering. Blue to yellow scale represents the expression values normalized to mean=0, var=1. Missing values are displayed in white. b Volcano plot visualizing a two-group comparison of plasma protein data from ICU (n = 58) and UE (n = 36). c Correlation matrix of 83 plasma proteins from ICUs. Spearman correlation was used to calculate correlation coefficients, which were displayed in circles. The strength of correlation was depicted by circle size. Cytokines were ordered using hierarchical clustering. Red to blue scale indicates the prevalence of each subset. d Representative cytokine concentrations from UE (n = 36), ICU (n = 58), and CONV (n = 28). Statistical analysis: Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test was performed. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001