Table 3.
Subgroup analyses of the prevalence of anxiety and depression
| Groups | Subgroups | Anxiety | Depression |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. studies | 25 | 15 | |
| No. samples | 32 | 20 | |
| No. prevalence | 58 | 39 | |
| Total no. participants | 20 352 | 13 960 | |
| Overall | 22%, 95% CI: 19%–27%, I2: 99.9% | 16%, 95% CI: 12%–20%, I2: 99.9% | |
| Population | Frontline HCW | 23%, 95% CI: 13%–34%, I2: 98.1% | 14%, 95% CI: 5%–25%, I2: 98.5% |
| General HCW | 18%, 95% CI: 12%–80%, I2: 98.1% | 15%, 95% CI: 10%–21%, I2: 97.5% | |
| General population | 31%, 95% CI: 20%–44%, I2:99.7% | 16%, 95% CI: 6%–29%, I2:99.7% | |
| Student | 18%, 95% CI: 8%–32%, I2:99.4% | 23%, 95% CI: 10–39% | |
| Severity | Mild | 29%, 95% CI: 21%–37%, I2: 99.1% | 21%, 95% CI: 16–28%, I2: 98.2% |
| Moderate | 25%, 95% CI: 18%–33%, I2: 98.9% | 14%, 95% CI: 10%–19%, I2: 96.6% | |
| Severe | 8%, 95% CI: 5%–11%, I2: 95.5% | 7%, 95% CI: 5%–10%, I2: 87.9% | |
| Instrument | DASS‐21 | 17%, 95% CI: 12%–24%, I2: 98.7% | 14%, 95% CI: 10%–18%, I2: 97.7% |
| GAD‐7 | 21%, 95% CI: 12–31%, I2: 99.6% | NA | |
| HADS | 25%, 95% CI: 14–39%, I2: 97.8% | 18%, 95% CI: 7%–33%, I2: 98.1% | |
| Region | Continental | 22%, 95% CI: 17%–27%, I2: 99.3% | 17%, 95% CI: 13%–22%, I2: 98.9% |
| Malay Archipelago | 25%, 95% CI: 10%–45%, I2: 99.1% | 7%, 95% CI: 2%–16%, I2: 96.5% | |
I2 statistic indicates the heterogeneity.
CI, confidence interval.