Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with COVID‐19 with and without Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae co‐infection
| M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae co‐infection status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Negative (n = 177) | Positive (n = 17) | p value |
| Age in years median (range) | 50 (15–86) | 50 (17–77) | 0.270 |
| Age group (years) | 66 (37.3) | 8 (47.1) | 0.675 |
| 15–44 | 80 (45.2) | 6 (35.3) | |
| 45–64 | 32 (18.1) | 3 (17.6) | |
| >65 | |||
| Male | 125 (70.6) | 14 (82.4) | 0.405 |
| Concurrent conditions (any one) | 127 (71.7) | 14 (82.4) | 0.569 |
| Hypertension | 58 (32.8) | 7 (41.2) | 0.483 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 57 (32.2) | 5 (35.7) | 0.814 |
| Renal disease | 32 (18.1) | 3 (21.4) | 1 |
| Malignancy | 14 (7.9) | 2 (14.2) | 0.637 |
| Neurologic disease | 6 (3.4) | 5 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Signs and symptoms | |||
| Fever | 154 (87) | 17 (100) | 0.230 |
| Duration of fever (Median days [range]) | 4 (1–15) | 4 (1–10) | 0.231 |
| Cough | 105 (59.3) | 11 (64.7) | 0.665 |
| Dyspnea | 101 (57.1) | 11 (64.7) | 0.542 |
| Chest pain | 16 (9) | 1 (5.9) | 1 |
| Hypoxia | 8 (4.5) | 1 (5.9) | 0.570 |
| Confusion | 29 (16.4) | 7 (41.2) | 0.012 |
| Headache | 10 (5.6) | 5 (29.4) | 0.005 |
| Myalgia | 21 (11.9) | 3 (17.6) | 0.448 |
| Positive chest radiography findings | 87/102 (85.3) | 11/11 (100) | 0.354 |
| Bilateral infiltrations | 56/102 (54.9) | 10/11 (90.9) | 0.025 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Abnormal hemoglobina | 136 (76.8) | 12 (70.5) | 0.534 |
| Leukocytosisb | 83 (46.9) | 8 (47.1) | 0.994 |
| Lymphopeniac | 124 (70.1) | 13 (76.5) | 1 |
| Thrombocytopeniad | 65 (36.7) | 8 (47.1) | 0.411 |
| Elevated ASTe | 100 (56.5) | 11 (64.7) | 0.564 |
| Elevated ALTf | 71 (40.1) | 10 (58.8) | 0.157 |
| Elevated C‐reactive protein (≥6 mg/dl) | 70/153 (45.8) | 10/16 (62.5) | 0.202 |
| Elevated procalcitonin (>0.1 ng/ml) | 68/95 (71.6) | 8/14 (57.1) | 0.272 |
| Abnormal IL‐6g | 109/134 (81.3) | 14/15 (93.3) | 0.471 |
| Abnormal blood urea nitrogenh | 78 (44.1) | 9 (52.9) | 0.508 |
| Abnormal creatininei | 81 (45.8) | 9 (52.9) | 0.571 |
| Abnormal serum ferritinj | 91/146 (62.3) | 10/16 (62.5) | 0.989 |
| Total leukocyte count (x103 cells/µl) | 10.7 (1.1–38.6) | 9.6 (2.9–19.4) | 0.998 |
| Platelet count (×103 cells/µl) | 175 (22–449) | 154 (29–476) | 0.149 |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/dl) | 4.45 (0.021–37) | 7.18 (0.17–25) | 0.322 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.41 (0.01–100) | 0.55 (0.01–39) | 0.835 |
| COVID‐19 severity | |||
| Asymptomatic/mild disease | 68 (38.4) | 4 (23.5) | 0.335 |
| Moderate disease | 37 (20.9) | 2 (11.7) | |
| Severe disease | 72 (40.7) | 11 (64.7) | |
| Treatments | |||
| Antivirals | 22/158 (13.92) | 6 (35.2) | 0.022 |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Combination antibiotics | 72/162 (44.4) | 8 (47.1) | 0.837 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 9/162 (5.6) | 1 (5.9) | 1 |
| Macrolides | 16/162 (9.9) | 3 (17.6) | 0.397 |
| Doxycycline | 49/162 (30.2) | 3 (17.6) | 0.402 |
| Cephalosporins | 29/162 (17.9) | 2 (11.8) | 0.741 |
| Corticosteroids | 35/158 (22.15) | 7 (41.1) | 0.081 |
| In‐hospital complications and outcome | |||
| Required mechanical ventilation | 86 (48.6) | 13 (76.5) | 0.040 |
| Required ICU admission | 124 (70.1) | 15 (88.2) | 0.159 |
| Duration of hospital stay (Median days [range]) | 13 (1–27) | 17 (7–30) | 0.004 |
| Pneumonia | 121 (68.4) | 14 (82.4) | 0.281 |
| ARDS | 83 (46.9) | 13 (76.5) | 0.023 |
| Shock | 44 (24.9) | 8 (47.1) | 0.052 |
| Died | 58 (32.8) | 11 (64.7) | 0.029 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ICU, intensive care unit; IL, interleukin.
a
Reference values are 12–15 g/dl for men and 13–17 g/dl for women.
b
Reference range is 4–11 × 103 cells/μl.
c
Reference range is 20%–40%.
d
Reference range is 150–400 × 103 cells/μl.
e
Reference range is 5–40 U/L.
f
Reference range is 5–42 U/L.
g
Reference range is 5–15 pg/ml.
h
Reference range is 10–50 mg%.
i
Reference range is 0.5–1.2 mg/dl.
j
Reference range is 10 to 291 ng/ml.