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. 2021 Oct 26;35(12):6963–6973. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7315

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Pre‐treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1‐stimulated PBMCs with Garcinia kola extract (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/ml) and dexamethasone (100 nM) reduced increased production of TNFα (a), IL‐6 (b), IL‐1β (c), and IL‐8 (d). Levels of cytokines in cell supernatants were detected using human TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 ELISA kits. Values are mean ± SEM for at least 3 independent experiments (ns: not significant; ### p < .001 unstimulated control versus SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 stimulation. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001, treatments versus SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein S1 stimulation; one‐way ANOVA with post‐hoc Dunnett's multiple comparison test)