TABLE 2.
Changes in activity during the COVID‐19 lockdown compared to the same period in 2019 stratified by device type
| ICM | Pacemaker | ICD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in daily activity during the COVID‐19 lockdown (min/day) a | −28.76 (−38.31, −17.78) | < 0.001 | −29.02 (−30.35, −27.63) | < 0.001 | −22.80 (−23.91, −21.64) | 0.001 |
| Time since implant (years) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.004 | 0.009 (0.01, 0.01) | < 0.001 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.006 |
| Pre‐COVID PA level b | ||||||
| Low quartile of activity | 64.81 (43.87, 85.67) | < 0.001 | 52.71 (45.64, 59.76) | < 0.001 | 54.54 (48.57, 60.51) | <0.001 |
| Mid quartile of activity | 153.25 (131.91, 174.51) | <0.001 | 157.99 (150.81, 165.16) | < 0.001 | 133.8 (127.58, 140.02) | < 0.001 |
| Highest quartile of activity | 277.84 (251.53, 304.34) | <0.001 | 314.07 (304.94, 323.18) | < 0.001 | 266.38 (258.08, 274.68) | < 0.001 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (≥65 years) | −8.84 (−22.92, 5.07) | 0.23 | −22.58 (−30.93, −14.24) | < 0.001 | −13.98 (−18.95, −9.02) | < 0.001 |
| Female | −11.46 (−23.93, 1.01) | 0.08 | −13.37 (−18.35, −8.39) | < 0.001 | −11.85 (−16.41, −7.29) | < 0.001 |
| Non‐white race/ethnicity | −4.54 (−21.51, 12.44) | 0.61 | −3.38 (−9.86, 3.10) | 0.31 | −1.85 (−6.26, 2.55) | 0.42 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Body mass index (BMI) | −5.77 (−11.64, 0.08) | 0.06 | −1.19 (−3.67, 1.28) | 0.35 | −3.67 (−5.82, −1.52) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | −6.66 (−17.96, 4.61) | 0.25 | −4.42 (−11.82, 2.99) | 0.25 | ||
| Former smoker | ‐0.54 (−5.53, 4.46) | 0.83 | 3.07 (−1.30, 7.45) | 0.17 | ||
| Clinical comorbidities and medications | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter | −3.29 (−8.34, 1.77) | 0.21 | −4.16 (−8.37, 0.06) | 0.06 | ||
| Stroke/TIA | 2.24 (−4.24, 8.73) | 0.50 | −7.26 (−13.40, −1.11) | 0.02 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | −0.94 (−14.67, 12.71) | 0.89 | −3.26 (−16.49, 9.96) | 0.63 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | −3.91 (−9.05, 1.21) | 0.14 | 10.15 (−1.33, 21.61) | 0.09 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 3.13 (−10.63, 16.94) | 0.66 | −4.83 (−18.61, 8.98) | 0.50 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | −2.03 (−7.19, 3.13) | 0.44 | −3.03 (−7.23, 1.17) | 0.16 | ||
| ACEs/ARBs | 2.91 (−2.24, 8.04) | 0.27 | −3.78 (−10.19, 2.63) | 0.25 | ||
| Beta blockers | 1.11 (−5.34, 7.56) | 0.73 | 4.45 (−11.02, 19.92) | 0.58 | ||
| Psychiatric comorbidities | 1.09 (−4.97, 7.14) | 0.73 | −1.49 (−6.50, 3.51) | 0.56 | ||
| Major depressive disorder | 1.09 (−4.97, 7.14) | 0.73 | −1.49 (−6.50, 3.51) | 0.56 |
a
Mean changes in activity (min/day).
b
Quartiles of pre‐COVID activity (inactive = reference group) based on the average number of minutes of activity per day recorded by their implanted cardiac device between March 1, 2020 and March 14, 2020.