TABLE 2.
Culture-independent studies on gut microbiome in human cirrhosis with or without HE.
| Author | Population | Sample | Methods | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. (2011) | Cirrhosis vs healthy control | Stool | 16S sequencing | Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phyla and Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families higher in cirrhotic patients than in controls |
| Bacteroidetes phylum and Lachnospiraceae family lower in cirrhotic patients than in controls | ||||
| Bajaj et al. (2014b) | Cirrhosis vs healthy controls | Stool | 16S sequencing, MTPS | ↓ Autochthonous taxa (Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridiales XIV), non-autochthonous taxa (Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroideaceae) ratio |
| Bajaj et al. (2012b) | OHE/non-OHE/control | Stool | 16S sequencing, MTPS | ↑Enterobacteriaceae, Alcaligeneceae, and Fusobacteriaceae and ↓ Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae in cirrhotic group versus controls |
| ↑ Enterobacteriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Lactobacilaceae, and Streptococcaceae in OHE versus controls | ||||
| ↑ Veillonellaceae in OHE versus no OHE | ||||
| Alcaligeneceae and Porphyromonadaceae associated with poor cognition | ||||
| Bajaj et al. (2012a) | OHE/no-OHE/control | Stool Sigmoid mucosa | 16S sequencing | ↑Dorea, Subdoligranulum, Incertae Sedis XIV, Blautia, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and ↓ Enterococcus, Burkholderia, Proteus in cirrhosis |
| ↑ Enterococcus, Veillonella, Megasphaera, and Burkholderia and ↓ Roseburia in OHE mucosal microbiome | ||||
| Zhang et al. (2013) | MHE/no MHE/control | Stool | 16S sequencing | ↑ Veillonellaceae and Streptococcaceae in cirrhotics |
| Streptococcus salivarius was higher in MHE | ||||
| Veillonella parvula and Streptococcus salivarius were correlated with cognitive function and ammonia level | ||||
| Bajaj et al. (2015a) | Previous HE/non-HE/control | Saliva | 16S sequencing | ↑Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcacea and ↓ in autochthonous microbiota and Erysipelothricaceae in previous HE, compared to non-HE patients and controls |
| Ahluwalia et al. (2016) | Previous HE/non-HE/control | Stool | 16S sequencing | Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae, were positively linked with hyperammonemia-associated astrocytic changes |
| Porphyromonadaceae, were correlated with neuronal integrity and oedema | ||||
| Iebba et al. (2018) | Cirrhosis vs control | Stool | 16S sequencing and NMR metabolism | Stenotrophomonas pavanii, Methylobacterium as well as metabolites (methanol, threonine), enhanced the risk of HE |
| Sung et al. (2019) | AHE vs. cirrhosis/control | Stool | 16S sequencing | ↑ Firmicute, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria during AHE |
| Alistipes, Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium were associated with HE recurrence | ||||
| Clostridium-XI, Bacteroides, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridium sedis were associated with overall survival at 1-year follow-up | ||||
| Bloom et al. (2021) | Previous OHE/no-OHE | Stool | Shotgun sequencing and LC-MS/MS | Anaeromassilibacillus species, Anaerostipes caccae, Bacteroideseggerthii, Clostridium species, Faecalicatena contorta, Holdemaniafiliformis, Neglecta timonensis, and Ruminococcus species were linked to a history of OHE |
| Lower concentrations of 6 faecal SCFAs in patients with a history of OHE |
OHE, overt hepatic encephalopathy; MHE, minimal hepatic encephalopathy; AHE, acute hepatic encephalopathy; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.