Table 2. Risk factors for PLMS/PLMD.
| Risk factor | Reference |
|---|---|
| Older age | (61,73) |
| Drugs | |
| Dopamine-receptor antagonists | (74-76) |
| Lithium | (10,77) |
| Antidepressant (SSRIs, TCA, SNRIs) | (10,61,77,78) |
| Hypnotics | (79) |
| Anticonvulsants | (77) |
| Other conditions | |
| Restless legs syndrome | (61,73,80) |
| Heart disease | (79,81) |
| Musculoskeletal disease | (79) |
| Narcolepy with cataplexy | (79) |
| Chronic kidney disease | (61,81,82) |
| Pregnancy | (83) |
| Magnesium deficiency | (84) |
| Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders | (85) |
| Iron deficiency | (86-88) |
| Diabetes | (61,89) |
| Increased caffeine consumption (≥ six cups/day) | (79) |
| Stress | (79) |
| Snoring | (79) |
| Habits | |
| Physical inactivity | (89,90) |
| High BMI | (61,89,90) |
| Doing physical activities close to bedtime | (79) |
| Being a shift or night worker | (79) |
PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; PLMD, periodic limb movement disorder; SSRIs, selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic anti-depressants; SNRIs, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; BMI, body mass index.