Table 2. Risk factors for PLMS/PLMD.
Risk factor | Reference |
---|---|
Older age | (61,73) |
Drugs | |
Dopamine-receptor antagonists | (74-76) |
Lithium | (10,77) |
Antidepressant (SSRIs, TCA, SNRIs) | (10,61,77,78) |
Hypnotics | (79) |
Anticonvulsants | (77) |
Other conditions | |
Restless legs syndrome | (61,73,80) |
Heart disease | (79,81) |
Musculoskeletal disease | (79) |
Narcolepy with cataplexy | (79) |
Chronic kidney disease | (61,81,82) |
Pregnancy | (83) |
Magnesium deficiency | (84) |
Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders | (85) |
Iron deficiency | (86-88) |
Diabetes | (61,89) |
Increased caffeine consumption (≥ six cups/day) | (79) |
Stress | (79) |
Snoring | (79) |
Habits | |
Physical inactivity | (89,90) |
High BMI | (61,89,90) |
Doing physical activities close to bedtime | (79) |
Being a shift or night worker | (79) |
PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; PLMD, periodic limb movement disorder; SSRIs, selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic anti-depressants; SNRIs, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; BMI, body mass index.