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. 2021 Aug 26;38(12):5405–5422. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab256

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Fig. 2. — The rapid evolution of the necroptotic axis, RIPK3 and MLKL, across primate lineages. (A) Summary of rapid evolution results produced by NSsites analysis implemented in PAML for M7 × M8 (F3x4) Likelihood ratio test statistics (2δ) for necroptotic factors across a set of twenty-one matching primate species. (B) Western blot analysis demonstrates that MLKL protein is upregulated by IFNγ treatment in HeLa and HT29 cell lines and by IFNα as well as IFNγ treatment in murine embryonic fibroblasts. (C) dN/dS values estimated using FreeRatio analysis implemented in PAML across primate evolution. Rapidly evolving lineages (red branches) are defined by dN/dS >1, or greater than or equal to 3 nonsynonymous amino acid changes relative to zero synonymous amino acid changes.