Table 3.
Select Characteristics of Hospitalized Children With Only Parainfluenza Virus–Associated Pneumonia Compared With Other Viral, Bacterial, and Atypical Pneumonia
| PIV-only Pneumonia (n = 67) | Other Viral Pneumoniaa (n = 1342) | Bacterial-only Pneumonia (n = 41) | Atypical-only Pneumonia (n = 133) | No Pathogen Detected (n = 416) | P b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 26 (39) | 640 (48) | 14 (34) | 51 (38) | 178 (43) | .010* |
| Median (IQR) age, m | 33 (14–63) | 22 (10–49) | 55 (16–104) | 104 (67–140) | 57.5 (18–114.5) | <.001* |
| Age group | <.001* | |||||
| <2 y | 26 (39) | 711 (53) | 11 (27) | 10 (8) | 118 (28) | |
| 2–4 y | 23 (34) | 358 (27) | 12 (29) | 19 (14) | 92 (22) | |
| 5–9 y | 12 (18) | 184 (14) | 12 (29) | 52 (39) | 113 (27) | |
| 10–17 y | 6 (9) | 89 (7) | 6 (15) | 52 (39) | 93 (22) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001* | |||||
| Hispanic | 16 (24) | 273 (20) | 7 (17) | 19 (14) | 55 (13) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 27 (40) | 497 (37) | 7 (17) | 21 (16) | 144 (35) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 20 (30) | 457 (34) | 24 (59) | 87 (65) | 194 (47) | |
| Other | 4 (6) | 115 (9) | 3 (7) | 6 (5) | 23 (6) | |
| Received influenza vaccine | 24 (36) | 493 (37) | 9 (22) | 41 (31) | 151 (36) | .473 |
| Received PCV or PPSV | 58 (87) | 1182 (88) | 33 (80) | 91 (68) | 326 (78) | .953 |
| Daycare attendance (<6 y)c | 21 (40) | 377 (33) | 7 (30) | 10 (29) | 68 (28) | .571 |
| Any underlying comorbidityd | 32 (48) | 683 (51) | 11 (27) | 54 (41) | 204 (49) | <.001* |
| Asthma | 25 (37) | 497 (37) | 8 (20) | 37 (28) | 119 (29) | <.001* |
| Household smoke exposure | 19 (28) | 515 (38) | 16 (39) | 34 (26) | 126 (30) | .101 |
| Symptom duration prior to admission, d | 3 (1–6) | 3 (1–5) | 4 (2–8) | 7 (5–9) | 3 (1–7) | <.001* |
| Antibiotics prior to admission | 12 (18) | 291 (22) | 13 (32) | 73 (55) | 121 (29) | <.001* |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||
| Fever/feverish | 66 (99) | 1218 (91) | 39 (95) | 124 (93) | 375 (90) | .278 |
| Cough | 65 (97) | 1295 (96) | 37 (90) | 127 (96) | 371 (89) | <.001* |
| Dyspnea | 41 (61) | 978 (73) | 31 (76) | 82 (62) | 271 (65) | <.001* |
| Retractions | 26 (39) | 644 (48) | 18 (44) | 32 (24) | 163 (39) | .007* |
| Wheezing | 31 (46) | 655 (49) | 5 (12) | 33 (25) | 115 (28) | <.001* |
| Rhinorrhea | 51 (76) | 1017 (76) | 22 (54) | 54 (41) | 222 (53) | <.001* |
| Abdominal pain | 14 (21) | 231 (17) | 17 (41) | 60 (45) | 121 (29) | .002* |
| Ear pain | 10 (15) | 296 (22) | 7 (17) | 27 (20) | 66 (16) | .251 |
| Sore throat | 20 (30) | 356 (27) | 15 (37) | 63 (47) | 141 (34) | .973 |
| Oxygen requirement | 36 (54) | 894 (67) | 24 (59) | 85 (64) | 209 (50) | <.001* |
| WBC count >15 × 103 | 19 (28) | 329 (25) | 22 (54) | 24 (18) | 184 (44) | <.001* |
| Radiographic features | <.001* | |||||
| Single lobar | 18 (27) | 257 (19) | 14 (34) | 35 (26) | 139 (33) | |
| Multilobar | 14 (21) | 288 (21) | 15 (37) | 26 (20) | 104 (25) | |
| Other consolidation | 2 (3) | 87 (6) | 2 (5) | 4 (3) | 19 (5) | |
| Other infiltrate | 25 (37) | 614 (46) | 8 (20) | 58 (44) | 126 (30) | |
| Mixed infiltrate | 8 (12) | 96 (7) | 2 (5) | 10 (8) | 28 (7) | |
| Empyema | 4 (6) | 72 (5) | 27 (66) | 28 (21) | 77 (19) | <.001* |
| Length of stay, median (IQR), h | 61 (38–88) | 65 (43–102) | 160 (87–240) | 58 (41–88) | 62.5 (38–108) | .004* |
| Severity | <.001* | |||||
| Mild | 60 (90) | 1066 (79) | 23 (56) | 120 (90) | 327 (79) | |
| Moderate | 5 (7) | 194 (14) | 6 (15) | 12 (9) | 55 (13) | |
| Severe | 2 (3) | 82 (6) | 12 (29) | 1 (1) | 34 (8) |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated; N = 1999.
Abbreviations: AdV, adenovirus; CoV, coronavirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; IQR, interquartile range; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PIV, parainfluenza virus; PPSV, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine;; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; WBC, white blood cell.
*Significant for heterogeneity among the groups, P < .05.
a Other viral pneumonia was defined as pneumonia with ≥1 other virus detected (hMPV, RSV, AdV, CoV, influenza, or HRV, inclusive of co-detections of >1 of these viruses).
bcomparisons adjusted for age, sex, and race as appropriate.
cAny comorbidity including asthma, congenital heart disease, diabetes, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease, immunosuppression, splenectomy, prematurity (assessed if <2 y), neurological disorder. Immunosuppression was present as a comorbidity in 2/67 (3%) PIV infections.
dDaycare attendance recorded for children less than 6 years of age (total n = 1478, PIV n = 53, other viral n = 1126, bacterial n = 23, atypical n = 35, no pathogen detected n = 241 children <6 y).