TABLE 1.
Physical characteristics, echocardiographic, surface ECG and electrophysiological parameters, and serum marker levels of STD, STD + LCA, HFD and HFD + LCA mice.
| Parameter | STD | STD + LCA | HFD | HFD + LCA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 10) | (n = 10) | (n = 10) | (n = 10) | |
| Physical characteristics | ||||
| Food intake (g/d) | 3.39 ± 0.18 | 3.36 ± 0.13 | 2.48 ± 0.06* | 2.53 ± 0.18* |
| Energy intake (kcal/gm/d) | 13.02 | 12.90 | 12.97 | 13.27 |
| Water intake (ml/d) | 5.12 ± 0.09 | 5.14 ± 0.13 | 4.82 ± 0.05* | 4.83 ± 0.16 |
| Body weight (g) | 26.21 ± 0.69 | 27.17 ± 0.96 | 33.41 ± 0.55* | 35.91 ± 1.24 |
| Heart weight (mg) | 132.10 ± 10.59 | 129.33 ± 3.83 | 155.70 ± 7.83* | 143.50 ± 3.37† |
| NAL (cm) | 10.04 ± 0.09 | 10.00 ± 0.04 | 10.17 ± 0.08 | 10.09 ± 0.11 |
| HW/NAL (mg/cm) | 13.16 ± 0.53 | 12.18 ± 0.53 | 15.32 ± 0.46* | 14.01 ± 0.09† |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 378.80 ± 20.64 | 364.70 ± 15.43 | 414.70 ± 22.12 | 386.1 ± 34.78 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LA diameter (mm) | 1.86 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 0.07 | 2.39 ± 0.09* | 1.97 ± 0.12† |
| LA filling volume (ml) | 23.26 ± 4.40 | 18.38 ± 3.26 | 58.68 ± 15.50* | 21.26 ± 5.71† |
| Surface ECG | ||||
| P max (ms) | 14.43 ± 0.56 | 10.47 ± 0.39* | 16.00 ± 0.83 | 11.45 ± 0.53† |
| Parea (μs·V) | 47.32 ± 4.49 | 36.23 ± 2.74* | 46.57 ± 4.95 | 21.52 ± 2.50† |
| Electrophysiology | ||||
| AF duration (s) | 1.08 ± 7.00 | 0.50 ± 0.34 | 154.77 ± 49.33* | 18.69 ± 14.63† |
| AF frequency (%) | 9.70 ± 6.95 | 1.60 ± 1.30 | 51.40 ± 11.10* | 7.30 ± 4.96† |
| AF incidence (%) | 30 | 20 | 90.00* | 30.00† |
| SNRT max (ms) | 364.90 ± 33.07 | 261.10 ± 28.51* | 478.40 ± 26.47* | 412.20 ± 41.51† |
| cSNRT max (ms) | 164.80 ± 25.75 | 67.90 ± 90.4* | 295.60 ± 29.08* | 166.00 ± 23.24† |
| ERP (ms) | 92.20 ± 4.57 | 107.20 ± 2.88* | 89.40 ± 4.07 | 113.20 ± 4.97*† |
| Serum markers | ||||
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.76 ± 0.10 | 1.39 ± 0.16* | 0.65 ± 0.11† |
| LDH (U/L) | 57.85 ± 7.97 | 60.19 ± 8.26 | 90.38 ± 7.95* | 75.97 ± 6.79 |
| CK-MB (U/L) | 126.00 ± 7.77 | 134.69 ± 15.33 | 137.69 ± 2.41 | 81.31 ± 26.68† |
| MDA (μmol/L) | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.37 | 1.67 ± 0.22* | 0.53 ± 0.07† |
| SOD (U/ml) | 34.55 ± 3.53 | 39.19 ± 2.03 | 32.18 ± 2.38 | 41.16 ± 6.37*† |
| Heart markers | ||||
| MDA (μmol/mg prot) | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 1.26 ± 0.02* | 0.38 ± 0.09† |
| SOD (U/mg prot) | 602.25 ± 42.36 | 677.25 ± 57.79* | 417.19 ± 45.15* | 838.61 ± 111.19† |
n = 10 per group. One-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare data among groups. The data were expressed as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05 vs STD, † p < 0.05 vs HFD. AF, atrial fibrillation; cSNRT, corrected sinus node recovery time; ECG, electrocardiogram; ERP, effective refractory period; HFD, high-fat diet; HW, heart weight; LA, left atrium; LCA, l-carnitine; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; MDA, molondialdehyde; NAL, naso-anal length; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; Parea, P-wave area; P max, P-wave duration; SNRT, sinus node recovery time; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STD, standard diet.