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. 2021 Sep 28;38(12):5752–5768. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab288

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

De novo gene birth of PS11 genes and their expression. (A) Origination process for the de novo gene PH02Gene41079. De novo creation of ORF can be one “T → G” substitute at 19 bp to remove the premature stop codon in the ancestor of woody bamboos. Its expression is detected in two woody bamboo species. The sequence alignments of PH02Gene41079 were exhibited in supplementary figure 6, Supplementary Material online. (B) Origination process for the de novo gene PH02Gene36478. One 8-bp deletion resolved frameshift and the following premature stop codon. The noncoding ancestral sequence in Ol. latifolia acquired expression. The sequence alignments of PH02Gene38478 were exhibited in supplementary figure 7, Supplementary Material online. The gap in the species represents the absence of homologous sequence from that species. (C) Origination process for the de novo gene PH02Gene38072 via two-step process, as follows. 1) Two 1-bp frameshifts resolved the frameshift in Or. sativa and premature stop codon. 2) One “T to A” substitution created start codon, and “T to C” substitution resolved the premature stop codon, and one “T” insert resolved frameshift in R. distichophylla and Ol. latifolia. The sequence alignments of PH02Gene38072 were exhibited in supplementary figure 8, Supplementary Material online. (D) Expression heatmap for 19 de novo genes. Black box highlighted shoot-biased expression pattern. The expressions of the three exampled de novo genes were shown in bold.