Table 1.
List of included MCI and AD studies.
| Literatures | Region of interest | Magnetic Field (Tesla) | Pulse sequence | Subjects number (MCI/AD/HC) | Metabolites quantification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Jessen et al., 2000) | Medial temporal lobe, central cortical region | 1.5 | PRESS | 38 (-/20/18) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr |
| (Stoppe et al., 2000) | PGM, PWM | 2.0 | - | 42 (-/30/22) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA, Cr, Cho, mI |
| (Catani et al., 2001) | PWM | 1.5 | PRESS | 36 (11/14/11) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Block et al., 2002) | Hippocampus, lateral temporal lobe, occipital lobe | 1.5 | - | 56 (-/34/22) | NAA/tCr, Cho/tCr |
| (Chantal et al., 2002) | MTL (Hippocampus), Frontal cortex, parietotemporal cortex | 1.5 | PRESS | 28 (-/14/14) | NAA, Cho, Cr, mI |
| (Hattori et al., 2002) | PCC, Parietooccipital WM | 3.0 | PRESS | 21 (-/9/12) | NAA/Cr, Glx/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Schuff et al., 2002) | Bilateral hippocampus, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe | 1.5 | PRESS | 110 (-/56/54) | NAA |
| (Herminghaus et al., 2003) | PGM, PWM, Frontal GM, Frontal WM | 1.5 | STEAM | 43 (-/28/15) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Glx/Cr, TMA/Cr |
| (Kantarci et al., 2004) | left PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 327 (-/121/206) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Ackl et al., 2005) | Hippocampus, Parietal GM, Parietal WM | 1.5 | PRESS | 59 (19/18/22) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA |
| (Chao et al., 2005) | Hippocampal region, medial temporal lobe | 1.5 | PRESS | 48 (-/24/24) | NAA/Cr, NAA |
| (Metastasio et al., 2006) | PWM | 1.5 | PRESS | 54 (25/-/29) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Zhu et al., 2006) | PGM, PWM, Frontal GM, Frontal WM | 1.5 | - | 36 (-/14/22) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI, NAA, mI |
| (Franczak et al., 2007) | Hippocampus | 0.5 | PRESS | 10 (5/-/5) | mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, Glx/Cr, NAA/Cr, Glx/NAA, mI/NAA, NAA, mI, Cho, Cr, Glx |
| (Griffith et al., 2007) | PCC | 3.0 | PRESS | 34 (-/15/19) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr |
| (Kantarci et al., 2007) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 194 (49/60/85) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Rami et al., 2007) | PCC, Temporal, Temporalparietal | 1.5 | PRESS | 89 (27/35/27) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA, Cho, Cr, mI |
| (Kantarci et al., 2008b) | Hippocampus | 1.5 | PRESS | 243 (143/-/100) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Ding et al., 2008) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 40 (-/20/20) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Olson et al., 2008) | PCC | 1.5 | STEAM | 71 (47/-/24) | NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, NAA/mI, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, Glx/Cr, NAA, Cho, mI, Glx, Cr |
| (Garcia Santos et al., 2008) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 44 (10/-/34) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho, mI/Cr, NAA/mI |
| (Watanabe et al., 2008) | PCC, Hippocampus, Occipital lobe | 1.5 | PRESS | 56 (-/30/26) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/mI, NAA, mI, Cho, Cr |
| (Jessen et al., 2009) | MTL (Hipp) | 1.5 | PRESS | 279 (136/98/45) | NAA/Cr, mI/NAA, NAA, Cr, Cho, mI |
| (Pilatus et al., 2009) | PCC, PWM | 1.5 | PRESS | 27 (15/-/12) | NAA, Cho, mI, Cr, Glx |
| (Siger et al., 2009) | Frontal lobe G/W, PWM, PGM | 1.5 | - | 47 (14/17/16) | mI, NAA |
| (Wang et al., 2009) | PCC, Hippocampus | 3.0 | PRESS | 48 (16/16/16) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/NAA |
| (Zhang et al., 2009) | Hippocampus, Temporalparietal | 1.5 | - | 40 (14/13/13) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Chao et al., 2010) | PCC | 1.5 | STEAM | 31 (13/-/18) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI |
| (Griffith et al., 2010) | PCC | 3.0 | PRESS | 71 (29/-/42) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Watanabe et al., 2010) | PCC, Hippocampus, Occipital, ApPoDeepWM | 1.5 | PRESS | 169 (47/70/52) | NAA, mI, Cho, Cr |
| (Foy et al., 2011) | Hippocampus | 1.5 | PRESS | 98 (21/38/39) | NAA, mI, Cho, Cr |
| (Modrego et al., 2011) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 106 (71/-/35) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI, NAA |
| (Silveira de Souza et al., 2011) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 68 (10/25/33) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA |
| (Zimny et al., 2011) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 68 (23/30/15) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA, mI/Cho |
| (Gordon et al., 2012) | PCC | 3.0 | PRESS | 39 (-/11/28) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/Cho, NAA/mI, NAA, Cho, mI, Cr |
| (Lim et al., 2012) | PCC | 3.0 | STEAM | 78 (19/36/23) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Seo et al., 2012) | PCC, Hippocampus, ERC, Occipital WM | 3.0 | PRESS | 24 (13/-/11) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr |
| (Shiino et al., 2012) | PCC, bilateral hippocampus | 1.5 | PRESS | 144 (-/99/45) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, Glx/Cr, mI/NAA, NAA, Cr, Cho, mI, Glx |
| (Wang et al., 2012) | PCC, Hippocampus | 3.0 | PRESS | 135 (32/47/56) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI |
| (Yang et al., 2012) | PCC, PWM, Dorsal Thalamus, Lentiform nucleus | 1.5 | PRESS | 29 (14/-/15) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI, NAA, mI, Cho, Cr |
| (Targosz-Gajniak et al., 2013) | PCC, Hippocampus, Parietal lobe | 1.5 | PRESS | 76 (41/-/35) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, Glx/Cr, NAA/Cho |
| (Duffy et al., 2014) | Anterior and posterior cingulate | 3.0 | PRESS | 95 (54/-/41) | GSH/Cr |
| (Fayed et al., 2014) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 295 (66/36/193) | Glu, Glu/Cr, Glx, Glx/Cr, mI, mI/Cr, NAA, NAA/Cr, Cho, Cho/Cr |
| (Graff-Radford et al., 2014) | PCC, frontal lobe, occipital lobe | 1.5 | PRESS | 183 (-/35/148) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Suriyajakryuththana et al., 2014) | Frontal and paiertal white matter | 3.0 | - | 20 (7/10/3) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Mandal et al., 2015) | Frontal cortex, Hippocampus | 3.0 | MEGA-PRESS | 64 (22//21/21) 66 (28/19/19) | GSH |
| (Riese et al., 2015) | PCC | 3.0 | MEGA-PRESS | 39 (15/-/21) | GABA (AU), Glx (AU), NAA (AU) |
| (Yin et al., 2015) | Hippocampus | 3.0 | PRESS | 27 (11/-/16) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, mI/NAA |
| (Zhu et al., 2015) | Hippocampus, Basal ganglia, Frontal lobe | 3.0 | PRESS | 86 (52/-/34) | NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Chen et al., 2016) | PCC, Hippocampus, Frontal lobe WM, PAWM | 3.0 | PRESS | 78 (38/-/40) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, Glu/Cr, Cho/Cr |
| (Guo et al., 2016) | ACC, PCC | 3.0 | PRESS | 44 (13/15/16) | NAA/mI, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr |
| (Waragai et al., 2017) | PCC | 1.5 | PRESS | 274 (53/21/200) | NAA/Cr, mI/Cr, NAA/mI |
| (Zeydan et al., 2017) | PCC | 3.0 | sLASER | 46 (14/-/32) | Cr, mI, Cho, Glu, NAA, Glu/mI |
| (Mullins et al., 2018) | PCC | 3.0 | PRESS | 52 (-/25/27) | Glucose, Asc, Lac, NAA, Glu, Gln, sI, PCr, mI, GSH, Ala, NAAG, GABA |
| (Marjanska et al., 2019) | PCC, OCC | 7.0 | STEAM | 49 (-/16/33) | Asc, Asp, GABA, Gln, Glu, GSH, mI, NAA, NAAG, PE, sI, Tau, Cho, Cr |
| (Oeltzschner et al., 2019) | ACC | 7.0 | STEAM | 26 (13/-/13) | GABA/tCr, Glu/tCr, GSH/tCr, NAA/tCr, NAAG/tCr, mI/tCr |
| (Shukla et al., 2020) | ACC, PCC and Cingulate | 3.0 | MEGA-PRESS | 64 (19/18/27) | GSH, NAA (AU), Cr (AU), Cho (AU) |
| (Wong et al., 2020) | Hippocampus, PCC | 7.0 | sLASER | 35 (8/9/16) | Glu, NAA |
| (Brown et al., 1989) | Frontal, Temporoparietal regions | 1.89 | - | -/17/17 | PCr/Pi, Pi, PME/PDE, PME, PCr |
| (Bottomley et al., 1992) | Whole brain | 1.5 | - | -/11/14 | PCr, NTP, PME, Pi, PDE, PCr/NTP, Pi/NTP, PCr/Pi, PDE/NTP, PME/NTP, PDE/PME |
| (Pettegrew et al., 1994) | Dorsal prefrontal cortex | 1.5 | - | -/12/21 | PME, Pi, PDE, PCr, pH |
| (Smith et al., 1995) | Frontal lobe | 1.5 | - | -/17/8 | pH, PME, Pi, PDE, PCr, Total NP, PCr/Pi, PCr/NTP, Pi/NTP, PME/PDE |
| (Gonzalez et al., 1996) | Whole brain | 1.5 | - | -/16/8 | β-NTP, PCr, PME, PDE, Pi, PCr/Pi, NTP/Pi, PME/PDE, PDE/NTP, PME/NTP |
| (Mecheri et al., 1997) | Hippocampus | 1.5 | - | -/24/11 | PME, Pi, PDE, PCr, γ-ATP, α-ATP, β-ATP |
| (Forlenza et al., 2005) | Left prefrpntal cortex | 1.5 | ISIS | -/18/16 | PME, PDE, PME/PDE, PCr, Pi, γ-ATP, α-ATP, β-ATP, total ATP |
| (Rijpma et al., 2018) | ACC, Hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex | 3 | MRSI | -/31/31 | PCr, Pi, PCr/Pi, total ATP, NAD(H), PEth, PCh, GPEth, GPCh, pH |
“-”, not available.