Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Adjunctive Treatments, and Tissue Sampling Characteristics in Control Subjects and Patients with COVID-19–Unrelated ARDS and COVID-19–Related ARDS for Lung Tissue Analyses
| Variables | Control Subjects (n = 15) | Non–COVID-19 ARDS (n = 13) | COVID-19 ARDS (n = 15) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 56 (45–68) | 58 (40–70) | 62 (54–67) |
| Sex, M | 9 (60) | 7 (54) | 9 (60) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.6 (21.6–26.2) | 25.9 (22.6–33.9) | 27.3 (23.6–30.8) |
| Hypertension | 2 (13) | 6 (46) | 7 (43) |
| Diabetes | 1 (6.5) | 2 (15) | 3 (20) |
| Active smoking | 5 (33) | 2 (15) | 1 (6.5) |
| RAS interacting drugs | 1 (6.5) | 2 (15) | 6 (40)* |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0 | 0 | 1 (6.5) |
| Active cancer | 14 (93) | 2 (15)* | 0* |
| APACHE II score | 19 (17–25) | 16 (10–21) | |
| SOFA score | 6.5 (5–9) | 4 (4–9) | |
| Cause of ARDS | |||
| COVID-19 | 0 | 15 (100)† | |
| Pneumonia | 7 (54) | 0† | |
| Sepsis, extrapulmonary origin | 4 (31) | 0† | |
| Other | 2 (15) | 0 | |
| Adjunctive treatments before tissue sample | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 13 (100) | 14 (93) | |
| Prone positioning | 5 (38) | 14 (93)† | |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 4 (31) | 14 (93)† | |
| ECMO | 0 | 4 (27)† | |
| Vasopressors | 5 (38) | 14 (93)† | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 4 (31) | 4 (26) | |
| Corticosteroids | 0 | 0 | |
| Type of tissue sampling | |||
| Postmortem autopsy | 0 | 0* | 15 (100)*† |
| Open-lung biopsy | 0 | 13 (100) | 0 |
| Surgical lobectomy | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 |
| Duration between diagnosis and tissue sampling, d | 13 (8–17) | 16 (10–25)† | |
| Duration between MV initiation and tissue sampling, d | 11 (3–13) | 13 (9–24) | |
| Diffuse alveolar damage on pathological examination | 0 | 13 (100)* | 14 (93)* |
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IQR = interquartile range; MV = mechanical ventilation; RAS = renin–angiotensin system; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
Data are presented as count (%) or median (IQR).
*
P < 0.05 compared with control subjects.
†
P < 0.05 compared with ARDS.