Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics, Adjunctive Treatments, and Outcomes for Patients with COVID-19–Unrelated ARDS, Patients with Severe COVID-19, and Control Subjects for Serum ACE (1/2) Assays
| Variables | Control Subjects (n = 18) | ARDS (n = 24) | COVID-19 (n = 82) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 60.5 (55–66) | 59.5 (48–74.5) | 62.5 (54–68.5) |
| Sex, M | 11 (65) | 18 (75) | 64 (78) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.4 (24–32) | 27.7 (23.9–31) | 27.6 (24.5–31) |
| Hypertension | 47 (58) | 12 (50) | 51 (61) |
| Diabetes | 3 (16) | 3 (12) | 19(24) |
| Active smoking | 4 (22) | 4 (16) | 3 (4)* |
| RAS interacting drugs | 12 (66) | 8 (33) | 33 (40) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (5) | 2 (8) | 2 (3) |
| Active cancer | 0 | 3 (12) | 8 (10) |
| APACHE II score | 20 (15–26) | 14 (12–18)† | |
| SOFA score | 7 (4–10) | 4 (3–5)† | |
| Cause of ARDS | |||
| COVID-19 | 0 | 82 (100)† | |
| Pneumonia | 11 (46) | 0 | |
| Sepsis, extrapulmonary origin | 8 (33) | 0 | |
| Other | 5 (20) | 0 | |
| Delay ICU admission, sampling, d | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–1)† | |
| Delay hospital admission, sampling, d | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–4)† | |
| Mode of ventilation (day of sampling) | |||
| HFNC/NIPPV | 0 | 77 (94)† | |
| Invasive MV | 24 (100) | 5 (6)† | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio (day of sampling), mm Hg | 130 (104–170) | 85 (61–117)† | |
| Adjunctive treatments | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 24 (100) | 51 (62)† | |
| Prone positioning | 8 (33) | 46 (56)† | |
| ECMO | 0 | 14 (17)† | |
| Vasopressors | 13 (54) | 42 (52) | |
| RRT | 7 (29) | 12 (15) | |
| Corticosteroids | 3 (12) | 24 (30) | |
| 30-d mortality | 8 (33) | 28 (35) | |
| ICU mortality | 8 (33) | 29 (38) | |
| ICU LOS | 12.5 (8–22) | 9 (3–23) | |
| VFDays D28 | 5.5 (0–20) | 3.2 (0–28) |
Definition of abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC = high-flow nasal canula; IQR = interquartile range; LOS = length of stay; MV = mechanical ventilation; NIPPV = noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; RAS = renin–angiotensin system; RRT = renal replacement therapy; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; VFDays D28 = ventilatory-free days at Day 28.
Data are presented as count (%) or median (IQR).
P < 0.05 compared with control subjects.
P < 0.05 compared with ARDS.