Comparison 2. Midwife‐led versus other models of care: variation in midwifery models of care (caseload/one‐to‐one or team).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal)	14	17674	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.78, 0.92]
1.1 Caseload	4	6782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.82, 1.04]
1.2 Team models of midwifery care	10	10892	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.73, 0.89]
2 Caesarean birth	14	17658	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.84, 1.00]
2.1 Caseload	4	6782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.79, 1.05]
2.2 Team models of midwifery care	10	10876	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.84, 1.05]
3 Instrumental vaginal birth (forceps/vacuum)	13	17965	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.84, 0.97]
3.1 Caseload	4	6782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.84, 1.04]
3.2 Team models of midwifery care	9	11183	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.79, 0.97]
4 Spontaneous vaginal birth (as defined by trial authors)	12	16687	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [1.03, 1.07]
4.1 Caseload	4	6782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [1.00, 1.12]
4.2 Team models of midwifery care	8	9905	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [1.02, 1.07]
5 Intact perineum	10	13186	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.95, 1.13]
5.1 Caseload	3	4475	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.90, 1.34]
5.2 Team	7	8711	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.91, 1.13]
6 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks)	8	13238	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.64, 0.91]
6.1 Caseload	3	5277	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.54, 0.89]
6.2 Team	5	7961	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.62, 1.07]
7 All fetal loss before and after 24 weeks plus neonatal death	13	17527	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.71, 0.99]
7.1 Caseload	4	6782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.48, 0.99]
7.2 Team	9	10745	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.73, 1.07]