Comparison 3. Midwife‐led versus other models of care: variation in risk status (low versus mixed).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Regional analgesia (epidural/spinal)	14	17674	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.78, 0.92]
1.1 Low risk	8	11096	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.73, 0.92]
1.2 Mixed risk	6	6578	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.78, 1.00]
2 Caesarean birth	14	17674	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.84, 1.00]
2.1 Low risk	8	11096	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.79, 1.06]
2.2 Mixed risk	6	6578	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.84, 1.03]
3 Instrumental vaginal birth (forceps/vacuum)	13	17501	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.83, 0.97]
3.1 Low risk	7	10923	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.81, 0.99]
3.2 Mixed risk	6	6578	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.73, 1.04]
4 Spontaneous vaginal birth (as defined by trial authors)	12	16687	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [1.03, 1.07]
4.1 Low risk	7	10923	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [1.02, 1.08]
4.2 Mixed risk	5	5764	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [1.02, 1.10]
5 Intact perineum	10	13186	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.95, 1.13]
5.1 Low risk	6	8616	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.93, 1.21]
5.2 Mixed risk	4	4570	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.91, 1.08]
6 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks)	8	13238	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.64, 0.91]
6.1 Low risk	5	9726	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.54, 0.92]
6.2 Mixed risk	3	3512	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.69, 1.09]
7 All fetal loss before and after 24 weeks plus neonatal death	13	17527	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.71, 0.99]
7.1 Low risk	7	10895	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.73, 1.20]
7.2 Mixed risk	6	6632	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.61, 0.96]