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. 2021 Nov 22;4(4):e30889. doi: 10.2196/30889

Table 4.

Excessive smartphone use and associated factors among boys in the 2nd grade of secondary school, based on data collected in southern Sweden in 2016.

Factora Excessive smartphone use Non excessive smartphone use Estimated difference (95% HDIb) ORc (95% HDI)

Total
respondents, n
Value, n (%) Total
respondents, n
Value, n (%)

Often feeling low (n=3519) 1312 183 (13.9) 2207 223 (10.1) 3.8 (2, 5.7) 1.44 (1.2, 1.7)
Often feeling anxious (n=3521) 1312 172 (13.1) 2209 161 (7.3) 5.8 (4.1, 7.6) 1.92 (1.56, 2.29)
Satisfied with health (n=3278) 1190 1069 (89.8) 2088 1907 (91.3) –1.5 (–3.2, 0.3) 0.84 (0.68, 1.01)
ADHDd (n=3519) 1305 44 (3.4) 2214 50 (2.3) 1.1 (0.2, 2.1) 1.51 (1.01, 2.06)
ASDe (n=3516) 1308 28 (2.1) 2208 55 (2.5) –0.4 (–1.2, 0.5) 0.85 (0.54, 1.2)
Poor sleep (n=3589)

1336 636 (47.6) 2253 858 (38.1) 9.5 (6.7, 12.4) f 1.48 (1.31, 1.65)
Loneliness (n=3582) 1334 95 (7.1) 2248 177 (7.9) –0.8 (–2.2, 0.8) 0.9 (0.71, 1.1)
Tried smoking (n=3487) 1292 851 (65.9) 2195 1120 (51) 14.9 (12.1, 17.7) f 1.85 (1.64, 2.08)
Tried alcohol (n=3535) 1312 1149 (87.6) 2223 1792 (80.6) 7 (4.9, 9) 1.7 (1.43, 1.99)
Tried other substances (n=3448) 1267 280 (22.1) 2181 300 (13.8) 8.3 (6.1, 10.6) f 1.78 (1.52, 2.06)

aNote that the total number of respondents for each factor differs due to missing data.

bHDI: highest density interval.

cOR: odds ratio.

dADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

eASD: autism spectrum disorder.

fEstimated differences that, with 95% probability, are above the prespecified cutoff for practical equivalence are italicized.