Table 4.
Excessive smartphone use and associated factors among boys in the 2nd grade of secondary school, based on data collected in southern Sweden in 2016.
| Factora | Excessive smartphone use | Non excessive smartphone use | Estimated difference (95% HDIb) | ORc (95% HDI) | |||||
|
|
Total respondents, n |
Value, n (%) | Total respondents, n |
Value, n (%) |
|
|
|||
| Often feeling low (n=3519) | 1312 | 183 (13.9) | 2207 | 223 (10.1) | 3.8 (2, 5.7) | 1.44 (1.2, 1.7) | |||
| Often feeling anxious (n=3521) | 1312 | 172 (13.1) | 2209 | 161 (7.3) | 5.8 (4.1, 7.6) | 1.92 (1.56, 2.29) | |||
| Satisfied with health (n=3278) | 1190 | 1069 (89.8) | 2088 | 1907 (91.3) | –1.5 (–3.2, 0.3) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.01) | |||
| ADHDd (n=3519) | 1305 | 44 (3.4) | 2214 | 50 (2.3) | 1.1 (0.2, 2.1) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.06) | |||
| ASDe (n=3516) | 1308 | 28 (2.1) | 2208 | 55 (2.5) | –0.4 (–1.2, 0.5) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.2) | |||
| Poor sleep (n=3589) |
1336 | 636 (47.6) | 2253 | 858 (38.1) | 9.5 (6.7, 12.4) f | 1.48 (1.31, 1.65) | |||
| Loneliness (n=3582) | 1334 | 95 (7.1) | 2248 | 177 (7.9) | –0.8 (–2.2, 0.8) | 0.9 (0.71, 1.1) | |||
| Tried smoking (n=3487) | 1292 | 851 (65.9) | 2195 | 1120 (51) | 14.9 (12.1, 17.7) f | 1.85 (1.64, 2.08) | |||
| Tried alcohol (n=3535) | 1312 | 1149 (87.6) | 2223 | 1792 (80.6) | 7 (4.9, 9) | 1.7 (1.43, 1.99) | |||
| Tried other substances (n=3448) | 1267 | 280 (22.1) | 2181 | 300 (13.8) | 8.3 (6.1, 10.6) f | 1.78 (1.52, 2.06) | |||
aNote that the total number of respondents for each factor differs due to missing data.
bHDI: highest density interval.
cOR: odds ratio.
dADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
eASD: autism spectrum disorder.
fEstimated differences that, with 95% probability, are above the prespecified cutoff for practical equivalence are italicized.