Effects of an Immersive Virtual Reality Exergame on University Students’ Anxiety, Depression, and Perceived Stress: Pilot Feasibility and Usability Study

Abstract

Background

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of students with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. A solution that has been increasingly used for improving health and well-being is exergaming. The effects and acceptability of exergames have been studied widely but mostly with older adults. The feasibility and usability of exergames among university students, especially those of immersive virtual reality (iVR) exergames, remain unexplored.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of a 6-week iVR exergame–based intervention in reducing anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among university students and to examine the usability and acceptability of such games.

Methods

A total of 31 university students were recruited to participate in a 6-week study in which they needed to play a boxing-style iVR exergame called FitXR (FitXR Limited) twice per week (30 minutes per session). Their anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) levels were measured before and after intervention.

Results

A total of 15 participants completed the 6-week study. Our results suggested that participants’ mean depression scores decreased significantly from 8.33 (SD 5.98) to 5.40 (SD 5.14) after the intervention (P=.01). In addition, most participants (14/15, 93%) believed that the iVR exergame has good usability. Furthermore, most participants (14/15, 93%) were satisfied with the iVR gameplay experience and would play the iVR exergame again in the future. Of the 15 participants, 11 (73%) would recommend the iVR exergame to their friends.

Conclusions

The results gained from this study show that the iVR exergame has good usability, is highly acceptable, and has the potential to reduce depression levels among university students.

Introduction

Background

There is growing evidence that the number of university students who are struggling with mental health problems is increasing globally (eg, in North America [1], Japan [2], and the United Kingdom [3]). Among these mental health problems, university students are particularly at high risk for anxiety, depression, and stress [2,4-9]. These mental health problems can result in different consequences among students, such as university dropout, decreased academic performance and social functioning, and even suicidal behavior [10,11].

One solution that is widely accepted is to provide support via counseling centers located within university campuses. Consistent with the rising rates of depression and anxiety, the number of students seeking mental health services in campus counseling centers has increased. Research has shown that the percentage of students who have received treatment at a university counseling center has increased from 6.6% in 2007 to 11.8% in 2017 [12]. Consequently, these counseling centers often report that they are over capacity and are unable to immediately meet the needs of the large number of students who are requesting services. This is because counseling centers have limitations such as a limited number of available sessions, long waiting lists, and a limited amount of staff [13], which can result in unwanted outcomes for students with mental health problems.

Sports-based interventions are useful for achieving health benefits—both mental and physical benefits—and provide more flexibility and ease of access for patients than those provided by counseling centers. Exercises involving large muscle groups in the whole body, especially those that involve following rhythmic flow patterns, can effectively alleviate depression [14]. A typical example of this type of exercise is boxing. Using boxing as a form of therapy can help with stress and anger management, boost confidence and self-esteem, elevate mood, serve as a natural antianxiety activity, and improve focus and sleep quality [15]. Boxing training exercises may have a better therapeutic effect on obesity, cardiovascular, and health-related quality of life outcomes than an equivalent dose of brisk walking [16]. In addition, boxing may be the most beneficial to those who are going through the early to middle stages of Parkinson disease progression [17]. For instance, therapeutic boxing can positively affect the speech, social interaction skills, and mental health of individuals with Parkinson disease [18]. It can also improve older adults’ gait, balance, daily living activities, and quality of life [19]. Further, one study suggests that shadow boxing (ie, the practice of committing repetitive boxing movements to muscle memory), together with psychosomatic relaxation, has a beneficial auxiliary therapeutic effect on depression and anxiety among people with type 2 diabetes [20].

In recent years, exergaming, which combines video games and physical exercises, has been widely used to promote both physical and mental health [21,22] in different population groups (ie, children [23], young individuals [24], and older adults [25]). However, most studies have been conducted with non–immersive virtual reality (iVR) exergames [26] (ie, those played on flat-screen televisions or computer monitors) [27-29]. On the other hand, the use of iVR exergame–based interventions is still underexplored.

iVR exergames [30-32] have been gaining attention rapidly due to the recent emergence of affordable iVR head-mounted displays. iVR exergames have many advantages over non-iVR exergames; they can provide more positive game experiences to players compared to those provided by non-iVR exergames [32,33]. Furthermore, exercising within iVR can result in higher increases in enjoyment and motivation compared to those resulting from playing exergames with standard televisions or computer monitors [34]. As such, exergaming in iVR might increase people’s adherence to regular physical exercise in general [35-37].

Goal of This Study

The goal of this study was to evaluate the usability and acceptability of an iVR exergame (FitXR; FitXR Limited) [38] for university students. We also wanted to examine the feasibility and usability of the iVR exergame by conducting a 6-week pilot study on reducing anxiety, depression, and perceived stress levels among university students.

Methods

Recruitment

Students were recruited from a local university campus through physical and digital advertisements (ie, posters, social media platforms, and a mailing list). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) enrolled as a full-time student, (2) aged at least 18 years, and (3) was not pregnant (because of the physical exertion required to play the game). The exclusion criterion was a “yes” answer in the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire [39].

Intervention

Eligible participants were invited to an indoor laboratory room that could not be seen from the outside. Participants first completed an in-person consent form. Then, they needed to fill in the preexperiment questionnaire, which was used to collect their demographic information and anxiety, depression, and perceived stress baselines (see Outcome Measures section for details on the questionnaires used in the experiment). An experimenter helped participants put on an Oculus Quest 1 (Oculus) when they completed the preexperiment questionnaire and instructed them on how to play the FitXR exergame (Figure 1). Once they were familiar with the device and the game, they started their first training session.

Figure 1.

(A) An example of a participant playing the immersive virtual reality exergame by using the Oculus Quest 1 (Oculus). (B) A screenshot of the exergame.

Eligible participants were scheduled for the iVR exergame intervention twice per week (not on the same day) for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of about 30 minutes of gameplay. The game provided 11 game levels that ranged in duration from 26 minutes to 31 minutes. We selected the game levels that had around 30 minutes of gameplay. Unlimited drinks and snacks were provided during each session. At the end of the last session, participants were asked to fill out the postexperiment questionnaire, which was used to measure participants’ anxiety, depression, and perceived stress levels and the acceptability and usability of the game.

FitXR was selected because (1) it is a boxing-inspired iVR fitness game; (2) it involves a great number of jabs, uppercuts, defensive actions (ie, cover-ups), squats, and leftward and rightward movements; (3) it involves few rotational movements, which is helpful for potentially avoiding motion sickness [40]; and (4) it provides several unique training sessions from which players can choose. To play the game successfully, players need to perform several punching combos (jab or uppercut) on sphere objects and avoid getting hit by blocks by performing squats and lunges.

Outcome Measures

Anxiety

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) [41] is a 21-item self-report scale that ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety. The BAI has achieved a Cronbach α of .92, thereby demonstrating its internal consistency [41,42]. A review paper on anxiety questionnaires indicated that the BAI is suitable for the general population, has good reliability, and has moderate validity [43]. Further, the BAI has been used in studies dealing with exercise [44-46] and in exergame studies [22].

Depression

We measured depression levels by using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [47], which consists of a 21-item self-report scale that ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. This scale has a Cronbach α coefficient of .92 and a test-retest reliability value of 0.93. A review paper on depression questionnaires indicated that the BDI-II is suitable for the general population, and it has excellent reliability and good validity [48]. The BDI-II has been used in studies dealing with exercise [44,45,49].

Perceived Stress

Perceived stress levels were measured via the widely used Perceived Stress Scale [50], which consists of 14 items questions with scores that range from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). This questionnaire has been used in studies dealing with exercise [45,51,52] and with exergame-based interventions [53,54].

Usability and Acceptability

Usability and acceptability were only tested at the end of the last session via self-reported questionnaires. Usability was measured by using the System Usability Scale (SUS). SUS scores range between 0 and 100; 100 represents the best usability, and a score of ≥68 is considered positive [55].

We measured acceptability and satisfaction with the following items, which were answered by using a 5-point Likert scale (1 indicated “extremely disagree” and 5 indicated “extremely agree”): “I was satisfied with FitXR experience,” “I would play FitXR again in the future,” and “I would recommend FitXR to a friend.” Finally, we asked the participants the following questions: “How often would you play FitXR per week” and “How long would you play FitXR each day?”

Statistical Power and Analysis

Analyses were performed by using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corporation). The normality of the data was tested by using Shapiro-Wilk tests. We used 2-tailed paired t tests, in which time (week 1: pretest; week 6: posttest) was used as the within-subjects variable, if the differences in the dependent variable between pretest and posttest times were normally distributed. Otherwise, the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used.

Results

Participants’ Characteristics

A total of 31 participants volunteered to take part in this study, and in the end, 15 completed it. The reasons for dropout included urgent family reasons (n=1); health-related reasons, such as discomfort due to menstrual periods (n=2); high coursework workloads (n=2); complaints that the selected game was not as good as expected (n=2); the belief that the exertion level of the game was too high (n=2); and physical reasons (n=1). Further, 6 people did not provide a reason for dropping out. Table 1 shows the demographics of the participants and their experience with iVR and exergames.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study participants.

Characteristic		Value
Students, n (number of males)		15 (8)
Age (years), mean (SD)		19.1 (0.96)
BMI, mean (SD)		21.7 (2.98)
Participants who had self-reported experience with exergames, n		7
	Frequent user (daily or weekly)	1
Participants who had self-reported experience with iVRa HMDsb, n		7
	Frequent user (daily or weekly)	0

^aiVR: immersive virtual reality.

^bHMD: head-mounted display.

Evaluation Outcomes

BAI—Anxiety

The mean anxiety score for the pretest was 4.87 (SD 3.98), and the mean anxiety score for the posttest was 5.40 (SD 5.41). The results of the 2-tailed paired samples t test showed that there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores for anxiety (t₁₄=−0.541; P=.60).

BDI-II—Depression

The mean depression score for the pretest was 8.33 (SD 5.98), and the mean depression score for the posttest was 5.40 (SD 5.14). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that the posttest depression scores were significantly lower than the pretest depression scores (Z=−2.526; P=.01) and that the intervention had a large effect on depression (effect size: r=−0.652). Overall, after playing the iVR boxing exergame for 6 weeks, the university students in this study reported being less depressed.

Perceived Stress

The mean perceived stress score for the pretest was 16.87 (SD 4.88), and the mean perceived stress score for the posttest was 16.13 (SD 5.81). A 2-tailed paired t test indicated that there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores (t₁₄=0.564; P=.58).

Usability and Acceptability

The SUS has a range of 0 to 100 and is used to rate the usability of an application. A score of ≥68 is deemed to be positive (ie, scores of 68: okay; scores of 68-80.3: good; scores of >80.3: excellent). The participants rated FitXR with a mean SUS score of 79.5 (SD 9.51); 7 participants rated it as excellent, another 7 rated it as good, and 1 rated it as poor. The highest SUS score was 97.5, while the lowest SUS score was 57.5.

With regard to the three satisfaction items, participants gave a mean score of 4.33 (SD 0.62) to the “I was satisfied with FitXR experience” item; 6 participants gave an “extremely agree” rating, 8 participants gave an “agree” rating, and 1 participant gave a “neutral” rating. As for the “I would play FitXR again in the future” item, participants gave an average score of 4.27 (SD 0.59); 5 participants gave an “extremely agree” rating, 9 participants gave an “agree” rating, and 1 participant gave a “neutral” rating. With regard to the “I would recommend FitXR to a friend” item, participants gave an average score of 4 (SD 9.26); 5 participants gave an “extremely agree” rating, 6 participants gave an “agree” rating, 3 participants gave a “neutral” rating, and 1 participant gave a “disagree” rating.

Lastly, participants indicated that they would like to play FitXR for an average of 3.87 days (SD 1.06 days) per week and would play the game for an average of 35 minutes (SD 25.93 minutes) each day.

Discussion

Principal Results

This study investigated the usability and acceptability of a boxing iVR exergame–based training intervention among university students and evaluated the intervention’s feasibility in a 6-week training program for reducing anxiety, depression, and perceived stress levels. The results of this pilot study show (1) that the FitXR iVR exergame was perceived to have good usability (ie, good usability scores) and was highly acceptable among university students, and (2) that playing the iVR boxing exergame for 6 weeks (ie, 2 sessions per week; 30 minutes per session) would likely reduce depression levels among university students.

Comparison With Prior Work

There is evidence that exergames can significantly improve depression among people with depression (ie, among adults [56] and older adults [22,57,58]). The literature also suggests that exergames can improve depression in healthy subjects. For instance, depression among healthy older adults improved after playing Wii Fit (Nintendo) exergames twice per week for 4 weeks [59]; participants in the control group who participated in an education program for the same duration did not experience such improvements. A recent review also suggested that iVR therapies are effective in supporting the treatment of anxiety and depression [60].

Although university students are at high risk for mental issues [2,4-9], limited research has looked into using exergames to promote health among university students. A previous study suggested that playing a virtual reality exergame 3 times per week for 6 weeks could improve depression in healthy university students [61]. Our results also support this finding, as the depression scores measured by the BDI-II further decreased after participants played the iVR head-mounted display–based exergame for 6 weeks (pretest score: 8.33; posttest score: 5.40). However, we failed to obtain results that reflected whether playing an exergame could improve anxiety among healthy university students [61].

In terms of perceived stress, Huang et al [54] conducted a study to explore how playing exergames impacts the mood states (including perceived stress) of healthy university students and staff. They found that playing exergames for 30 consecutive minutes each week for 2 weeks could reduce perceived stress levels. Cutter et al [53] conducted an 8-week trial in which methadone-maintained patients played an exergame 5 times per week (session duration ranged from 20 to 25 minutes per session). They found that the exergame could reduce perceived stress levels. However, we could not obtain similar results for perceived stress.

Viana et al [62] found that playing an exergame (even for only 1 session) seemed to be a useful method for reducing state anxiety in healthy women. However, this is also not supported by our study on an iVR exergame.

With regard to usability, FitXR, in line with other exergames such as SliverFit (SUS score: mean 87.0) [63] and the rehabilitation exergame (SUS score: mean 89.6) developed by Uzor and Baillie [64], was rated with a good usability score (mean 79.5). This indicates that players can learn how to play and use the game quickly and that the game is very easy to use.

In line with a study by Yunus et al [61], we observed that university students were willing to accept playing an iVR-based exergame as a form of exercise. FitXR was perceived to be acceptable, and the majority of our participants (11/15, 73%) were glad to recommend FitXR to their friends.

The retention rate of our study was 48% (15/31). Furthermore, even though only about half of the participants (15/31, 48%) completed this study, the participants who dropped out mainly did so due to personal reasons (n=5), and only a few (n=2) complained that the game was not as good as expected. These data provide further insight into the potential of using the iVR exergame as an intervention for studying mental health among university students.

Limitations and Future Work

There are 2 main limitations in this study. First, the lack of a control group did not allow for comparisons with people who undergo traditional therapy or do not undergo therapy at all. Since this pilot study has confirmed the feasibility of using the iVR exergame to reduce depression levels, it is worth conducting future studies on the impacts that iVR exergames have on health. Such studies could, for instance, use a more established study design, such as a randomized controlled trial involving people who undergo traditional therapy and a control group (people who do not undergo therapy). Second, no follow-up tests were conducted after the experiment. Therefore, it is unclear if and how long the observed benefits were maintained.

Like many other studies on usability and acceptability [65], we tested the exergame in a supervised environment. Future work could test the game in an unsupervised setting. In addition, we aim to develop our own iVR exergame prototype involving individualized and personalized features, such as avatars, environments, and behaviors, to improve gameplay engagement further [66,67].

Conclusions

In this study, we investigated whether playing an iVR exergame for over 6 weeks could improve university students’ mental health (anxiety, depression, and perceived stress). We also explored the acceptability of the game and its usability. Our results indicated that the exergame has a good usability score and is highly acceptable among university students as a form of exercise. In addition, our findings showed that playing the exergame twice per week for 6 weeks can reduce depression scores among healthy university students.

Abbreviations

BAI

Beck Anxiety Inventory

BDI-II

Beck Depression Inventory-II

iVR

immersive virtual reality

SUS

System Usability Scale

XJTLU

Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University