Table 5.
Treatment groups and primary outcome results of the included studies (N=12).
| Study | Intervention group | Control group | Primary outcome resultsa |
| Bailey et al [34] | Hinge Health Digital Care Program, including a new tablet, 2 Bluetooth wearable motion sensors, and one-on-one remote health coaching; treatment as usual | No control group | VASb ↑c |
| Priebe et al [28] | GPd-centered LBPe treatment: 1. Electronic case report form; 2. Treatment algorithm for guideline-based clinical decision-making of GPs; 3. Teleconsultation between GPs and pain specialists for patients at risk for chronic back pain; 4. Kaia app | Treatment as usual with consideration of the National guideline for the treatment of nonspecific back pain | NRSf ↑ (↑)g |
| Hou et al [29] | Patients with LBP who underwent lumbar spinal surgery were provided with a mobile phone–based eHealth program app as part of their rehabilitation program | Nonspecific usual care rehabilitation treatment | VAS ↑ (↑); ODIh ↑ (↑) |
| Shebib et al [30] | Hinge Health Digital Care Program, including a new tablet, 2 Bluetooth wearable motion sensors, and one-on-one remote health coaching; treatment as usual | A total of 3 digital education articles from the digital care program; treatment as usual | MvKi (pain) ↑ (↑); MvK (disability) ↑ (↑); ODI ↑ (↑) |
| Toelle et al [31] | Provided with the Kaia app | A total of 6 individual physiotherapy sessions over 6 weeks and high-quality web-based education, including motivating messages | NRS ↑ (↔j)g |
| Chhabra et al [32] | Provided with the Snapcare app; written prescription from the physician (see Control group) | Participants received a written prescription from the physician listing the prescribed medicines and dosage and stating the recommended level of physical activity | NRS ↑ (↔); MODIk ↑ (↑) |
| Almhdawi et al [33] | Provided with the Relieve my back app; treatment as usual | Control group received a placebo version of the same app that included only advice about general nutrition and daily notifications with nutritional facts; treatment as usual | VAS ↑ (↑); ODI ↑ (↑) |
| Lo et al [38] | Retrospective evaluation study of the artificial intelligence–embedded Well Health app | No control group | NRS ↑ |
| Huber et al [35] | Retrospective analysis of user data: Kaia app users who signed up before March 2017 | No control group | NRS ↑ |
| Clement et al [36] | Retrospective analysis of user data: Kaia app users who signed up on or after May 1, 2017 | Kaia app users who signed up before May 1, 2017 | NRS ↑ (↑) |
| Priebe et al [37] | Retrospective analysis of user data | Kaia app users who signed up before March 2017 | NRS ↑ (↑) |
| Sandal et al [39] | Provided with the selfBACK app; treatment as usual | No control group | RMDQl ↑ |
aMain result of the intervention group after the last measurement in the study.
bVAS: Visual Analog Scale.
cIntervention had positive effect compared with baseline measurement.
dGP: general practitioner.
eLBP: low back pain.
fNRS: Numeric Rating Scale.
gBetween-group differences are reported in parentheses.
hODI: Oswestry Disability Index.
iMvK: Modified von Korff Scale.
jNo difference in outcome.
kMODI: Modified Oswestry Disability Index.
lRMDQ: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire.