Table 4.
Within-person changes on theorized mechanisms of change from baseline to end of treatment.
| Construct (scale) | Cronbach α at baselinea | Baselineb, mean (SD) | Scale range | 6-weekc versus baseline | ||||||||||
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bd (95% CI) | P value | gav | ||||||||
| Self-efficacy | ||||||||||||||
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SEQ-12e (internal cues) | .86 | 53.4 (22.0) | 0-100 | 13.1 (7.6 to 18.7) | <.001 | 0.53 | |||||||
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SEQ-12 (external cues) | .77 | 58.9 (21.1) | 0-100 | 11.1 (6.1 to 16.1) | <.001 | 0.49 | |||||||
| Desire to smoke | ||||||||||||||
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QSUf (smoking urges) | .92 | 3.7 (1.4) | 1-7 | −1.5 (−1.9 to −1.1) | <.001 | 1.01 | |||||||
| Processing self-relevant health information | ||||||||||||||
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Positive appraisals of smoking | |||||||||||||
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ATSg (psychoactive benefits) | .77 | 4.0 (0.7) | 1-5 | −0.8 (−1.0 to −0.5) | <.001 | 0.80 | ||||||
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ATS (pleasure) | .84 | 3.3 (1.0) | 1-5 | −0.6 (−0.8 to −0.3) | <.001 | 0.52 | ||||||
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DCBh (importance of the pros of smoking) | .67 | 56.6 (19.9) | 0-100 | −20.7 (−27.2 to −14.3) | <.001 | 0.83 | ||||||
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Negative appraisals of smoking | |||||||||||||
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ATS (adverse effects) | .84 | 4.4 (0.5) | 1-5 | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | .76 | 0.03 | ||||||
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DCB (importance of cons of smoking) | .80 | 68.6 (26.2) | 0-100 | −2.9 (−8.1 to 2.3) | .27 | 0.09 | ||||||
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Benefits and barriers to quitting smoking | |||||||||||||
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Single item (pros of quitting) | N/Ai | 84.9 (21.1) | 0-100 | −9.1 (−15.9 to −2.3) | .009 | 0.35 | ||||||
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Single item (cons of quitting) | N/A | 63.4 (32.3) | 0-100 | −5.1 (−13.7 to 3.6) | .25 | 0.14 | ||||||
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Motivation to quit smoking | |||||||||||||
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CQSSj (commitment to quitting) | .89 | 4.1 (0.7) | 1-5 | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.1) | .25 | 0.09 | ||||||
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Single item (how motivated) | N/A | 88.0 (14.6) | 0-100 | −6.6 (−11.1 to −2.0) | .005 | 0.34 | ||||||
| Positive affect | ||||||||||||||
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PANASk (past week positive affect) | .66 | 3.0 (0.6) | 1-5 | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | .45 | 0.08 | |||||||
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PANAS (past week negative affect) | .72 | 2.7 (0.7) | 1-5 | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | .74 | 0.02 | |||||||
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Single item (how happy past week) | N/A | 67.7 (21.5) | 0-100 | 1.2 (−3.8 to 6.3) | .62 | 0.09 | |||||||
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Single item (how happy right now) | N/A | 70.0 (20.4) | 0-100 | −0.5 (−5.4 to 4.4) | .83 | 0.00 | |||||||
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Satisfaction with life | .87 | 4.4 (1.4) | 1-7 | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) | .11 | 0.18 | |||||||
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Subjective happiness | .87 | 4.8 (1.4) | 1-7 | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.4) | .16 | 0.12 | |||||||
aCronbach α is a measure of the internal consistency of each scale at baseline.
bBaseline occurred before Smiling Instead of Smoking app download.
c6-week follow-up occurred at the end of the prescribed 49 days of app use (ie, 6 weeks post quit day).
db is the parameter estimate of the pairwise difference of week 6 compared with baseline from the repeated measures mixed effects model.
eSEQ-12: Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.
fQSU: Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges.
gATS: Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale.
hDCB: Decisional Balance Inventory for Smoking.
iN/A: not applicable (Cronbach α is not applicable to single-item measures).
jCQSS: Commitment to Quitting Smoking Scale.
kPANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.