Table 1.

Description of application-assisted direct observation studies.

Paper and system description		Required device	System type	System metrics (hand hygiene opportunities)
Kariyawasam et al [29]
	Self-developed application	Android tablet	Research	WHOa 5 moments
Magnus et al [32] and Sodré da Costa et al [33]
	iScrub	iOS devices	Commercial	WHO 5 moments
Sickbert-Bennett et al [30]
	iScrub	iOS devices	Commercial	Patient room entry/exit events
	SelectSurvey	Web browser	Commercial	Patient room entry/exit events
Wiemken et al [31]
	Google forms	Web browser	Commercial	WHO 5 moments

^aWHO: World Health Organization.