Table 3.

Description of sensor-assisted observation studies.

Paper and system description				Device location		System type		System metrics (hand hygiene opportunities)
Electronic dispenser
	Arai et al [44]
		Dispenser	Outpatient area		Commercial (Compleo-IO)		Outpatient visit records
	Asai et al [45]
		Dispenser	Hospital entrance		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Boyce et al [46]
		Dispenser	Patient room and hallway		Commercial (iSIGNOL)		Hand hygiene events
	Cohen et al [47]
		Dispenser	Throughout entire facility		Commercial (DebMed GMS)		Hand hygiene events
	Conway et al [48]
		Dispenser	Throughout entire facility		N/Aa		Expected hand hygiene events
	Diefenbacher et al [50]
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (Ingo-man Weco)		Hand hygiene events (conversion factor)
	Helder et al [54]
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (ComSens NewCompliance)		Hand hygiene events
	Kato et al [55]
		Dispenser	Outpatient area		Commercial (CARECOM Co, Ltd)		Outpatient visit records
	Morgan et al [59]
		Dispenser	Patient room		N/A		Patients number
	De MacEdo et al [49]
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (NXT 1-L model)		Nurse visits (nurse call system)
	Marra et al [56,67], Magnus et al [32], and Sodré da Costa et al [33]
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (NXT 1-L model)		Hand hygiene events
	Scheithauer et al [57]
		Dispenser	Throughout entire facility		Commercial (Ingo-man Weco)		Documented activities
Electronic dispenser assisted by other sensors
	Ellison et al [51]
		Dispenser	Throughout intensive care units		N/A		Patient room entry/exit events
		Motion sensor	Patient room entrance		N/A		Patient room entry/exit events
	Sharma et al [61]
		Dispenser	Hallway		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Motion sensor	Examination room entrance		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Gaube et al [66]
		Dispenser	Patient room and hallway		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Motion sensor	Dispenser		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Geilleit et al [53]
		Dispenser	Examination room		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Motion sensor	HCWs’b work area		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Pressure plate	Examination couch, Chair		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Galluzzi et al [52,68]
		Dispenser	N/A		Research		Hand hygiene events
		IMUc	HCWs (wristwatch)		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Tobita et al [62]
		Dispenser	Sink		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Microphone	Sink		Research		Hand hygiene events
IMU and microphone
	Uddin et al [63]
		IMU	HCWs (wristband)		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Li et al [69]
		IMU	HCWs (wristband)		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Ram et al [60]
		IMU	Soap bar		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Wright et al [64] and Zillmer et al [65]
		IMU	Soap bar		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Microphone	Soap bar		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Wijayasingha et al [70]
		IMU	HCWs (wristwatch)		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Microphone	HCWs (wristwatch)		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Miyazaki et al [58]
		Microphone	Sink		Research		Hand hygiene events

^aN/A: not applicable.

^bHCW: health care worker.

^cIMU: inertial measurement unit.