Table 4.

Description of real-time locating system studies.

Paper and system description				Device location		System type		System metrics (hand hygiene opportunities)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
	Decker et al [76]
		RFID tag	HCWsa (tag)		Research		Class schedules
		RFID reader	Dispenser		Research		Class schedules
	Bal et al [71]
		RFID tag	HCWs (tag)		Research		Hand hygiene events
		RFID reader	Dispenser and faucet		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Dispenser/faucet	Patient room entrance and patient bed		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Meydanci et al [93]
		RFID tag	HCWs (wristband)		Research		Hand hygiene events
		RFID reader	Dispenser		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Dispenser	Patient room and hallway		Research		Hand hygiene events
	Boudjema et al [73] and Brouqui et al [75]
		RFID tag	HCWs (shoes)		Commercial (MediHandTrace)		Patient area entry/exit events
		RFID reader	Floor (embedded under the dispenser, patient room, and area entrance)		Commercial (MediHandTrace)		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room and hallway		Commercial (MediHandTrace)		Patient area entry/exit events
	Jain et al [83]
		RFID tag	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		RFID reader	Dispenser and patient room entrance		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room and hallway		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Johnson et al [84]
		RFID tag	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		RFID reader	Patient room entrance		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room entrance		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Radhakrishna et al [99]
		RFID tag	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		RFID reader	Patient trolley (around patient bed)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient trolley (around patient bed)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Motion sensor	Patient trolley (around patient bed)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
	Levin et al [90]
		RFID tag	HCWs (bracelet)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		RFID reader	Patient bed, Dispenser		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	N/Ab		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		IMUc	HCWs (bracelet)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
	Pleteršek et al [97]
		RFID tag	HCWs (tag)		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Ethanol sensor	HCWs (tag), Patient room entrance		Research		Hand hygiene events
Infrared
	Baslyman et al [72]
		Infrared transmitter	Patient bed, patient room entrance, dispenser, and hallway		Commercial (Ekahau)		Patient area entry/exit events
		Infrared receiver	HCWs (tag)		Commercial (Ekahau)		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (Ekahau)		Patient area entry/exit events
	Boyce et al [74]
		Infrared transmitter	Patient bed, dispenser, hallway, and nurse station		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Infrared receiver	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	N/A		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
	Levchenko et al [86-89] and Pong et al [98]
		Infrared transmitter	Individual patient environments, room entrances, shared bathrooms, dirty utility rooms (ceiling), and dispenser		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Infrared receiver	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Wall-mount dispenser	N/A		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
		Wearable gel dispenser	HCWs		Research		Patient room entry/exit events
	Dyson et al [77]
		Infrared transmitter	Patient room and area entrance and sink (ceiling)		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
		Infrared receiver	HCWs (tag)		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
		Ethanol sensor	HCWs (tag)		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
Ultrasound
	Fisher et al [79]
		Ultrasound transmitter	Patient bed and dispenser		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
		Ultrasound receiver	HCWs (tag)		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room		N/A		Patient area entry/exit events
	Srigley et al [100]
		Ultrasound transmitter	HCWs (tag)		N/A		Hand hygiene events
		Ultrasound receiver	Patient room, hallway, and dispenser		N/A		Hand hygiene events
		Dispenser	N/A		N/A		Hand hygiene events
Bluetooth low energy (BLE)
	Karimpour et al [85]
		BLE transmitter	Room		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		BLE receiver	HCWs (smartphone)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
	Misra et al [94]
		BLE transmitter	Patient bed and dispenser		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		BLE receiver	HCWs (smartphone)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient bed		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
	Marques et al [91]
		BLE transmitter	Patient room and area entrance, sink, and dispenser		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		BLE receiver	HCWs (smartphone)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room and area entrance		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee
	Marra et al [67] and Filho et al [78]
		ZigBee transmitter	HCWs (tag)		Commercial (Infectrack System)		Patient area entry/exit events
		ZigBee receiver	Patient bed and dispenser		Commercial (Infectrack System)		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room		Commercial (Infectrack System)		Patient area entry/exit events
	Fries et al [80], Herman et al [81], Hornbeck et al [82], Polgreen et al [92], and Monsalve et al [95,96]
		IEEE 802.15.4 transmitter	Patient bed and dispenser		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		IEEE 802.15.4 receiver	HCWs (tag)		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
		Dispenser	Patient room		Research		Patient area entry/exit events
Wi-Fi
	Wan et al [101]
		Wi-Fi transmitter	Room and sink		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Wi-Fi receiver	HCWs (tag)		Research		Hand hygiene events
		Sink	Room		Research		Hand hygiene events

^aHCW: health care worker.

^bN/A: not applicable.