Table 5.
Description of studies monitoring compliance with the WHOa 6-step hand hygiene techniques.
| Paper and system description |
Device location | System type | System metrics (compliance with hand hygiene techniques) | |||||
| Environmental sensor | ||||||||
|
|
Khan et al [106] | |||||||
|
|
|
RGBb camera | Sink | Research | Hand hygiene duration | |||
|
|
|
Motion sensor | Sink | Research | Hand hygiene duration | |||
|
|
Lacey et al [103] | |||||||
|
|
|
RGB camera | Sink | Commercial (SureWash) | An unknown number of individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Camilus et al [102] | |||||||
|
|
|
Depth camera | Sink | Research | 6 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) and 1 wild hand hygiene technique | |||
|
|
Zhong et al [104] | |||||||
|
|
|
Depth camera | Sink | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Khamis et al [105] | |||||||
|
|
|
mmWave radar | Sink | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
| Wearable sensor | ||||||||
|
|
Galluzzi et al [52,68] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMUc | HCWsd (wristwatch) | Research | 12 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique), 1 wild hand hygiene technique | |||
|
|
Li et al [69] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMU | HCWs (wristwatch) | Research | 13 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Wijayasingha et al [70] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMU | HCWs (wristwatch) | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
|
Microphone | HCWs (wristwatch) | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Banerjee et al [107] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMU | HCWs (armband) | Research | 6 individual steps (self-defined hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Kutafina et al [108,109] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMU | HCWs (armband) | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
|
sEMGe | HCWs (armband) | Research | 9 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Wang et al [110] | |||||||
|
|
|
IMU | HCWs (armband) | Research | 14 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
|
sEMG | HCWs (armband) | Research | 14 individual steps (WHO 6-step hand hygiene technique) | |||
|
|
Zhong et al [41] | |||||||
|
|
|
RGB camera | HCWs (chest) | Research | 7 individual steps (self-defined hand hygiene technique) | |||
aWHO: World Health Organization.
bRGB: red green blue.
cIMU: inertial measurement unit.
dHCW: health care worker.
esEMG: surface electromyography.