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. 2021 Nov 19;6(4):e32320. doi: 10.2196/32320

Table 1.

Study timeline and data sources.

Year Sampling: diabetes control Sampling: portal use Mixed methods data sources Constructs (source) Covariates (source)
2012 100% Uncontrolled diabetes Repeated portal usea —b — —
2013 — Repeated portal usea — — —
2014 — Repeated portal usea — — —
2015 — Repeated portal usea — — —
2016 50% Achieved control/50% remained uncontrolled Current portal usec — — —
2017 — Current portal usec

  • Quantitative: surveyd

  • Quantitative: corporate Data Warehouse (CDW)

  • Rurality (CDW)

  • SM use (CDW)

  • Diabetes self-management (Survey)

  • In-person health care Utilization (CDW)

  • Income (survey)

  • Race (survey)
2018 — — Qualitative: semistructured interviews Hemoglobin A1c% time in control (CDW) —

aDefined as having used prescription refills, having viewed or downloaded their health information, and having used secure messaging at least twice a year for 2 years between 2013 and 2015.

b—: Not available.

cDefined as having sent at least 4 secure messages between January 2016 and June 2017.

dDisseminated at the end of 2017 or in early 2018.